Phenylethanolamine (PEA), also known as β-hydroxyphenethylamine, is a naturally occurring organic compound classified as a trace amine. It shares structural similarities with catecholamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. This compound is found in various biological systems, including the human body, and is also present in certain foods.
Natural Occurrence and Production
Phenylethanolamine is found naturally in several animal species, including humans, and is detected in various peripheral tissues and the brain of rats. In the mammalian brain, its concentration is unevenly distributed, with higher levels typically found in regions like the hypothalamus and midbrain. Beyond biological systems, phenylethanolamine is also present in certain foods, notably chocolate.
The body synthesizes phenylethanolamine from the amino acid phenylalanine. This biosynthesis pathway involves a series of enzymatic reactions within neurons. Once produced, phenylethanolamine is subject to rapid metabolism, meaning it is quickly broken down in the body.
How it Works in the Body
Phenylethanolamine functions as a neuromodulator, influencing various neurotransmitter systems in the brain. It shares structural similarities with dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, which are all catecholamine neurotransmitters. This structural resemblance allows phenylethanolamine to interact with the systems that regulate these neurotransmitters.
Phenylethanolamine is thought to influence the release or reuptake of these neurotransmitters. For instance, it can affect the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, and it can also interact with trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), which plays a role in modulating monoamine transporter function. The enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is responsible for converting norepinephrine into epinephrine, and phenylethanolamine has been found to be a substrate for this enzyme.
Common Reported Effects and Uses
Phenylethanolamine is often included in dietary supplements, with purported roles in various aspects of well-being. Individuals might seek out PEA-containing products for their potential to influence mood regulation. Some research suggests a connection between phenylethylamine (a precursor to phenylethanolamine) and antidepressant effects, possibly due to its influence on dopamine.
The compound is also associated with claims of increased energy levels, improved focus, and enhanced attention. Additionally, phenylethanolamine is sometimes discussed in relation to appetite suppression, though scientific evidence directly supporting this specific effect in humans from PEA supplementation is limited.
Safety Profile and Important Considerations
The safety profile of phenylethanolamine requires careful consideration, particularly when consumed in supplemental forms. At higher doses, users may experience potential side effects, including a rapid heart rate and increased anxiety.
Phenylethanolamine is rapidly metabolized in the body. It is important to be aware of potential interactions with medications, especially monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Taking phenylethylamine with MAOIs or other serotonergic drugs can potentially lead to excessively high serotonin levels, causing serious side effects such as heart problems, seizures, and vomiting. Consulting a healthcare professional before using phenylethanolamine supplements is always recommended to discuss individual health conditions and potential interactions.