Pelvic cancer is a broad medical term encompassing various types of cancer originating in the organs located within the pelvic region. These cancers develop when old or damaged cells in the pelvic area divide and multiply uncontrollably, forming tumors.
Understanding the Pelvis and its Organs
The pelvis forms the lower part of the trunk, functioning as a bony structure that supports the spine and protects several important internal organs. For instance, the bladder, which stores urine, is located within the pelvic cavity.
The rectum also resides in this area. The pelvis contains the reproductive organs. In females, these include the uterus, ovaries, cervix, vagina, and vulva, while in males, they include the prostate gland and testicles.
Types of Pelvic Cancers
Several distinct types of cancer fall under the umbrella of pelvic cancer, each affecting specific organs within the region. Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries, which are the female reproductive glands responsible for producing eggs. Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, originates in the lining of the uterus, the pear-shaped organ where a fetus grows.
Cervical cancer arises from the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina, and is often linked to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Bladder cancer typically starts in the lining of the bladder, the organ that stores urine. Colorectal cancer, when it affects the rectum or lower colon, is also considered a pelvic cancer.
Prostate cancer originates in the prostate gland, a small gland in men located below the bladder that produces seminal fluid. Rarer forms of pelvic cancer include vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, and testicular cancer. Pelvic sarcomas are also rare, developing in the bones or connective tissue of the pelvis.
Recognizing Symptoms
Symptoms of pelvic cancers can be general and often mimic less serious conditions, making early detection challenging. Persistent pelvic pain or pressure is a common indicator. Changes in bowel or bladder habits, such as constipation, diarrhea, frequent urination, or the presence of blood in urine or stool, can also signal underlying issues.
Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge is a significant symptom in women, especially if it occurs after menopause, between menstrual periods, or after sexual intercourse. Unexplained weight loss, persistent abdominal bloating, and feeling full quickly after eating are other possible symptoms. Persistent fatigue may also be a general sign. If any of these symptoms persist or worsen, consulting a healthcare professional is important.
Diagnosis Approaches
When symptoms suggest a possible pelvic cancer, healthcare professionals employ various diagnostic methods. A physical examination, which may include a pelvic exam for women or a rectal exam, allows doctors to check for masses or abnormalities. Imaging tests provide detailed views of internal organs.
Ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI scans are commonly used. Blood tests, such as those for tumor markers like CA-125 (often associated with ovarian cancer) or PSA (for prostate cancer), can provide additional clues. The definitive diagnostic procedure is a biopsy, where a tissue sample is removed and examined for cancer cells.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase an individual’s likelihood of developing various pelvic cancers. Age is a significant risk factor, with many pelvic cancers becoming more common in individuals over 50 years old. A family history of certain cancers or the presence of specific genetic mutations, such as BRCA1/2 or Lynch Syndrome, can also elevate risk.
Certain infections, such as Human Papillomavirus (HPV), are strongly linked to cervical and anal cancers. Lifestyle factors also play a role; smoking is a known risk factor for bladder, cervical, and rectal cancers. Obesity, a poor diet, and chronic inflammation are additional factors that can contribute to increased risk. It is important to remember that having one or more risk factors does not guarantee cancer development, and many individuals diagnosed with pelvic cancer have no identifiable risk factors.