High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a medical procedure using focused sound waves. For prostate cancer, HIFU offers a non-invasive approach. This technique precisely targets and destroys cancerous cells within the prostate gland, providing an alternative for those seeking a less invasive option.
Understanding HIFU Technology
HIFU operates on the principle of thermal ablation, concentrating high-frequency ultrasound waves at a specific point. These focused waves generate intense heat, rapidly destroying targeted tissue. The technique’s precision allows for the destruction of abnormal cells while aiming to preserve surrounding healthy tissue.
During the procedure, a specialized probe is inserted into the rectum. This transrectal probe emits high-intensity ultrasound energy and provides real-time images of the prostate. This imaging guidance allows medical professionals to accurately visualize the prostate and precisely direct the ultrasound beams to cancerous areas. The machine moves the beam around, treating small areas one at a time.
The probe is often equipped with a cooling balloon to prevent heat damage to the rectal wall. Energy deposition can also cause mechanical damage through the generation and collapse of gas bubbles. This combination of thermal and mechanical effects ensures comprehensive tissue destruction within the targeted zone.
When HIFU is Used for Prostate Cancer
HIFU is considered for men with localized prostate cancer, meaning the cancer is confined to the prostate gland. It is often an option for those with low to intermediate-risk disease, generally including patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of 20 ng/mL or lower and a Gleason score of 7 or less.
While primarily for localized cancer, HIFU can also be explored when cancer has returned within the prostate after previous treatments like radiation therapy. It offers an alternative for patients not candidates for surgery or radiation, or who prefer a less invasive approach. However, it is not suitable for very large prostate glands or if the cancer has spread beyond the prostate.
What to Expect from HIFU Treatment
The HIFU procedure is performed as an outpatient treatment, often under general or spinal anesthesia, lasting between one to four hours. Patients are usually discharged home the same day. A temporary urinary catheter is often placed during the procedure for bladder drainage, usually removed within a few days to a few weeks.
Recovery from HIFU is generally quick, with most men returning to normal daily activities within one to two weeks. Some common short-term effects include temporary urinary changes such as increased frequency, urgency, or mild discomfort. Blood in urine is also possible for a few weeks after the procedure.
Regarding long-term outcomes, HIFU aims for cancer control with a focus on preserving quality of life. Potential side effects can include changes in sexual function, such as erectile dysfunction, and less commonly, urinary incontinence or bowel issues. The risk of these side effects can vary depending on whether the entire prostate or only a focal area is treated, with focal HIFU generally associated with fewer side effects.