The term “COVID tongue” is an informal label for a collection of oral symptoms reported by some individuals infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. While not classified among primary symptoms like fever or cough, it is a documented phenomenon observed in a subset of patients. This term describes a range of issues affecting the tongue and mouth, not a single, specific condition.
Identifying the Symptoms
Changes in the tongue’s physical appearance are a common feature. One of the most noted changes is swelling, known as macroglossia, which can be significant enough to cause indentations on the sides of the tongue from pressing against the teeth. The tongue’s color can also be altered, with some individuals reporting a distinct redness while others develop white patches or a thick coating.
Another physical change involves the tongue’s texture. Some people develop grooves, bald patches, or patterns that resemble a map, a condition known as geographic tongue. This can give the tongue a mottled or patchy look.
Sensory disturbances are also reported, including a burning or tingling sensation, general soreness, or pain that makes eating and speaking uncomfortable. The loss or alteration of taste, another common COVID-19 symptom, can occur alongside these tongue-specific issues.
The development of sores or lesions inside the mouth is also associated with this phenomenon. These can manifest as painful ulcers, similar in appearance to canker sores, on the tongue or other soft tissues of the mouth. These sores can impact a person’s ability to eat and drink normally.
Potential Causes and Mechanisms
The oral symptoms associated with a COVID-19 infection may stem from a few potential biological processes. One leading theory involves a direct viral attack on the tongue’s cells, which are rich in ACE2 receptors that the SARS-CoV-2 virus uses as an entry point. A direct infection of these cells could lead to localized inflammation and swelling.
The body’s own defense mechanisms may also play a part. A COVID-19 infection can trigger a systemic inflammatory response as the immune system fights the virus. This widespread inflammation can manifest in various parts of the body, including the mouth and tongue, and could be responsible for the reported swelling and pain.
A weakened immune system during an active infection can also create an environment for other issues to arise. Opportunistic infections, such as oral thrush caused by the fungus Candida albicans, can take hold more easily. This fungal overgrowth can lead to the formation of white patches on the tongue, a symptom often described as “COVID tongue.”
Management and When to See a Doctor
For those experiencing mild discomfort, several at-home measures can help manage symptoms. Maintaining good oral hygiene by gently brushing the teeth and tongue is important. Staying well-hydrated and avoiding foods that can cause irritation, such as spicy or acidic items, can also provide relief.
It is advisable to consult a doctor or dentist for a proper diagnosis. Because these oral symptoms can be caused by many different conditions unrelated to COVID-19, a professional evaluation is necessary to determine the specific cause. This allows a provider to rule out other potential issues.
Seeking professional medical help is important if the symptoms are severe or persistent. Anyone experiencing significant pain, difficulty eating or swallowing, or tongue swelling that could interfere with breathing should seek care immediately. A doctor can determine if a specific treatment is needed, such as an antifungal medication for oral thrush.