Blood pressure is a measurement that reflects the force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps. It indicates the efficiency of your circulatory system and overall cardiovascular well-being. Understanding standard blood pressure readings is important for managing personal health.
What Blood Pressure Represents
Blood pressure readings consist of two numbers. The top number represents systolic pressure, which is the force exerted when your heart beats and pushes blood into the arteries. The bottom number indicates diastolic pressure, representing the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats. Both numbers are measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Categorizing Blood Pressure Readings
Health organizations classify blood pressure readings into categories for diagnosis and treatment.
Nonelevated blood pressure is defined as an office reading below 120/70 mmHg. Drug treatment is not recommended.
Elevated blood pressure is characterized by an office systolic pressure between 120 and 139 mmHg or a diastolic pressure between 70 and 89 mmHg. Lifestyle therapy is recommended, and pharmacological treatment may be considered based on cardiovascular disease risk and follow-up readings.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is diagnosed when office readings are consistently 140/90 mmHg or higher. Prompt confirmation and treatment, including lifestyle changes and medication, are recommended.
A hypertensive crisis is a severe condition requiring immediate medical attention, occurring when blood pressure suddenly exceeds 180/110 mmHg.
The Blood Pressure Measurement Process
Measuring blood pressure involves a blood pressure cuff and a monitor.
For an accurate reading, it is recommended to sit calmly for at least five minutes with your back supported and feet flat on the floor. The cuff should be placed on your bare upper arm, about one inch above the bend of your elbow, snug but not overly tight. Your arm should rest on a table so it is level with your heart.
During the measurement, the cuff inflates, temporarily blocking blood flow in the arm. As the air is slowly released, a health professional using a stethoscope listens for the sounds of blood flowing through the brachial artery. The first sound heard marks the systolic pressure, and the point where the sounds disappear indicates the diastolic pressure. Many modern devices are automated, performing these steps without a stethoscope. It is advised to take at least two readings, one to two minutes apart, for a more reliable average.
Why Blood Pressure Matters for Health
Maintaining blood pressure within a healthy range is important for overall well-being. Normal blood flow ensures that oxygen and nutrients reach all parts of the body, allowing organs to function optimally.
High blood pressure, or hypertension, can quietly damage arteries and the heart over time, increasing the risk of serious health issues.
Consistent high pressure forces the heart to work harder, potentially leading to an overworked heart or even heart failure. It can also cause arteries to harden and narrow, raising the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Beyond the heart, uncontrolled blood pressure can affect other organs, including the kidneys, eyes, and brain, potentially leading to kidney disease, vision problems, or cognitive decline. Regular monitoring provides an opportunity for early intervention and adjustments to lifestyle or medication, helping to protect against these complications.