What Is Campylobacter Enteritis? Symptoms and Treatment

Campylobacter enteritis is an intestinal infection caused by Campylobacter bacteria. It is one of the most frequent bacterial causes of diarrheal disease worldwide. The infection typically causes inflammation in the digestive tract, leading to uncomfortable symptoms. Its widespread occurrence makes it a significant public health concern.

Transmission and Prevention

Infection commonly occurs through contaminated food or water. Undercooked poultry, especially chicken, serves as a primary source, as Campylobacter bacteria are frequently present in the intestines of healthy birds. Other significant sources include unpasteurized milk, untreated water, and contact with infected animals, such as pets or livestock. The bacteria can transfer from animal feces to food products during processing or handling.

Preventative measures largely involve careful food handling and preparation. Using separate cutting boards and utensils for raw meats and other foods helps prevent cross-contamination. Cooking poultry to a safe internal temperature of 165°F (74°C) ensures any present bacteria are destroyed. Thorough handwashing with soap and water after handling raw meat, using the bathroom, or touching animals is also an important practice.

Symptoms and Disease Progression

Individuals infected with Campylobacter typically begin to experience symptoms within two to five days after exposure, though this period can range from one to ten days. The illness often starts abruptly with characteristic symptoms affecting the digestive system. Diarrhea, which can sometimes be bloody, is a common feature of the infection.

Intense abdominal pain and cramping frequently accompany the diarrhea. Many people also develop a fever, along with nausea and vomiting. These symptoms generally persist for about three to six days, with most healthy individuals recovering on their own without specific medical intervention.

Treatment and Recovery

Managing Campylobacter enteritis primarily involves supportive care aimed at alleviating symptoms and preventing dehydration. Staying well-hydrated is paramount, requiring individuals to drink plenty of fluids to replace those lost through diarrhea and vomiting. Oral rehydration solutions can be particularly helpful in maintaining electrolyte balance.

A doctor typically confirms the infection through a laboratory analysis of a stool sample. For most mild cases, antibiotics are not usually prescribed, as the illness often resolves naturally. However, antibiotics may be considered for individuals who are severely ill, have a compromised immune system, or if the infection spreads beyond the intestines into the bloodstream. Medical care should be sought if signs of severe dehydration, a high fever, or symptoms that do not improve after approximately one week develop.

Potential Complications

While most people recover from Campylobacter enteritis without lasting effects, some rare complications can emerge after the initial illness subsides. One such complication is Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a neurological disorder where the body’s immune system attacks its own nerves. Although rare, Campylobacter infection is recognized as a trigger for about one-third of GBS cases globally.

Another infrequent complication is reactive arthritis, which causes joint pain and swelling, typically in the knees and ankles. This condition can develop days or weeks after the initial infection. In some individuals, there is also a possible link between a Campylobacter infection and the later development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), particularly in those who experienced more severe acute illness.

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