An occlusal splint is a removable dental appliance, custom-made from acrylic or resin, that fits over the biting surfaces of either the upper or lower teeth. Its primary function is to create a temporary, idealized contact between the jaws. By doing so, it helps to reorganize the neuromuscular reflexes that control jaw movement, ensuring stable and balanced contact for the teeth.
Common Uses for an Occlusal Splint
Occlusal splints are frequently prescribed as a conservative treatment for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). These disorders can cause pain in the jaw joint and the muscles that control jaw movement. The splint allows the lower jaw to find a neutral position, which helps to relax the jaw muscles and reduce strain. This decompression of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) can alleviate symptoms like jaw pain, headaches, and earaches.
The device is also a primary tool for managing bruxism, the technical term for teeth grinding and clenching, which often occurs during sleep. A splint serves a protective purpose by creating a physical barrier that absorbs grinding forces, preventing wear and damage. By preventing teeth from interlocking, the smooth surface also interrupts the feedback loop that perpetuates the grinding cycle. This helps to alleviate the muscle fatigue and tension that often accompany bruxism, leading to less discomfort upon waking.
Distinguishing Splints from Night Guards
A significant point of confusion is the difference between a custom occlusal splint and a generic over-the-counter (OTC) night guard. An occlusal splint is a therapeutic device fabricated by a dental professional from a hard acrylic resin. It is precisely designed based on detailed impressions to guide the jaw into a stable position, addressing underlying bite and muscle problems.
OTC night guards, often sold as “boil-and-bite” products, are fundamentally different. They are made from a softer, more pliable material and are intended only to provide a cushion between the teeth. While they can offer some protection against the physical wear of grinding, they do not address the biomechanical issues related to jaw position or muscle activity. Their generic fit lacks the precision needed to create a stable bite.
The hard, flat surface of a custom splint allows teeth to glide freely, which helps relax jaw muscles. In contrast, the soft, yielding surface of an OTC guard can sometimes encourage more clenching activity, as the material gives way under pressure. A poorly fitting guard can even shift the jaw into an unstable position, potentially worsening the symptoms it was meant to alleviate.
The Process and Care
Obtaining a custom occlusal splint begins with a thorough dental consultation. During this visit, a dentist will diagnose the underlying condition, like TMD or bruxism, and determine if a splint is appropriate. If so, the next step involves taking highly accurate impressions or digital scans of the teeth to create a splint that fits perfectly.
At a subsequent appointment, the dentist will fit the splint, making any necessary adjustments to ensure it is comfortable and functions correctly. The fit must be snug without rubbing the gums, and the bite must feel even and stable. The dentist provides specific instructions on when to wear the appliance, which is most often at night for bruxism but can include daytime use for acute TMD symptoms.
The splint should be cleaned daily using a soft-bristled toothbrush and a non-abrasive cleaner to prevent plaque and bacteria buildup. When not in use, it should be stored in its provided case, away from heat, which could warp the material. Patients should also bring their splint to regular dental check-ups for inspection, as the appliance can wear down over time and may require adjustments or replacement.