An implant-retained overdenture is a removable dental prosthesis that replaces a full arch of missing teeth by securing to dental implants surgically placed in the jawbone. Unlike traditional dentures that rely on suction, this type features specialized attachments that connect to the implants, providing stability. This system allows the denture to “snap” into place for a secure fit that can be removed for cleaning.
How an Overdenture Works
An implant-retained overdenture’s foundation consists of dental implants, which are small titanium posts surgically inserted into the jawbone to act as artificial tooth roots. Once the implants integrate with the bone, connector pieces known as abutments are attached. These abutments protrude slightly from the gumline and are designed to connect with the overdenture.
The overdenture itself is fabricated with housings on its inner surface that correspond to the abutments in the mouth. These housings contain inserts that create the connection. Two common attachment systems are used to secure the denture. The first is a bar-retained system, where a thin metal bar is custom-made to follow the curve of the jaw and is attached to multiple implants. The denture then has clips that fasten onto this bar.
The second system is a ball-retained or locator-retained design. In this design, each implant has an individual attachment shaped like a ball or a similar configuration. The overdenture has corresponding sockets that snap directly onto these individual attachments. Both systems are engineered to provide significant retention and prevent the denture from shifting.
The Treatment Process
The process for an implant-retained overdenture begins with a consultation and planning phase. This involves an oral examination, a review of medical history, and diagnostic imaging. 3D Cone Beam CT scans are used to evaluate jawbone density and structure to determine implant locations and if bone grafting is necessary.
The next step is the implant placement surgery, performed under local anesthesia. During this procedure, titanium dental implants are positioned into the jawbone. The number of implants varies; as few as two can be sufficient for a lower denture, while an upper denture may require more. A 3-D surgical guide may be used to ensure precision.
After surgery, a healing period of three to six months is required for osseointegration, the process where the jawbone fuses with the titanium implants. This creates a stable foundation for the overdenture. Patients may wear a temporary denture during this healing phase.
Once osseointegration is complete, a minor procedure exposes the tops of the implants to place the abutments. After the gums heal for a few weeks, impressions are taken to fabricate the final custom overdenture. A final fitting is then performed to ensure comfort and proper function.
Daily Care and Maintenance
Proper care involves a two-part process for the prosthesis and the underlying structures. The overdenture should be removed daily for cleaning, using a soft-bristle denture brush and a non-abrasive cleaner. Regular toothpaste can be too abrasive and create scratches on the denture surface. Rinsing the denture after meals is also recommended to remove food particles.
Cleaning the implants and abutments in the mouth is also important. After removing the denture, use a soft-bristled toothbrush to clean around the abutments, gum tissue, and tongue. Specialized tools like interdental brushes or floss threaders can help clean abutment surfaces and prevent plaque buildup. Failure to maintain hygiene can lead to gum inflammation or peri-implantitis.
When cleaning the denture, handle it over a folded towel or basin of water to prevent breakage if dropped. Do not bite the denture into place, as this can cause excessive wear on the attachments. Regular dental check-ups every six months are necessary to monitor implant health, check the overdenture’s fit, and replace worn retentive inserts.
Comparison with Traditional Dentures
A primary distinction between implant-retained overdentures and traditional dentures is stability. Traditional dentures rely on suction and adhesives, which can allow them to slip while eating or speaking. In contrast, an implant-retained overdenture is anchored to the jawbone, providing a secure fit that eliminates this movement.
This enhanced stability directly improves chewing function. Those with implant-supported overdentures can generate a stronger bite force, allowing them to eat harder or chewier foods. In contrast, the instability of traditional dentures often lowers chewing efficiency.
Another difference is the preservation of the jawbone. After tooth loss, the jawbone shrinks because it no longer receives stimulation from tooth roots. Traditional dentures do not stop this process, which can alter facial structure and require denture refitting. The dental implants for overdentures act like tooth roots, stimulating the jawbone and helping maintain its density.