The term “Earl Plant” is often associated with the citrusy aroma of Earl Grey tea. This term is confusing as it does not refer to a single botanical species. Understanding the plants associated with this term clarifies the “Earl” experience.
Understanding “Earl Plant”
The term “Earl Plant” commonly refers to two distinct botanical species: Citrus bergamia (Bergamot Orange) and Monarda didyma (Bee Balm). Citrus bergamia is a citrus fruit tree, cultivated in Southern Italy for its fragrant essential oil extracted from the rind. This oil traditionally flavors Earl Grey tea.
In contrast, Monarda didyma is an herbaceous perennial from the mint family, native to North America. Its common name, Bee Balm, comes from its minty, citrus-like fragrance, reminiscent of Bergamot Orange. While it has a similar aromatic profile, Monarda didyma is not used in commercial Earl Grey tea; however, its leaves and flowers can make an herbal tea with a comparable taste.
Growing Bergamot Orange (Citrus bergamia)
Cultivating Citrus bergamia requires warm conditions and is sensitive to frost. These trees thrive in full sun, needing at least six to eight hours of daily direct sunlight. In colder climates, grow Bergamot Orange in containers for easy relocation indoors during cooler months, in a well-lit room around 15°C.
Soil should be well-draining, slightly acidic, and rich in organic matter. Sandy loam or loamy soil is ideal; for containers, use a citrus-specific potting mix. Consistent moisture is important, especially during warmer periods. Avoid overwatering to prevent root rot; allow the top two to three centimeters of soil to dry before rewatering.
Regular fertilization is important for health and fruit yield. Apply a balanced citrus-specific fertilizer every four to six weeks during the growing season. Pruning helps maintain the tree’s shape, promotes air circulation, and encourages fruit development, best done in late winter or early spring. Common pests include scale insects, spider mites, and aphids, manageable with insecticidal soap or neem oil.
Growing Bee Balm (Monarda didyma)
Monarda didyma, or Bee Balm, is a robust perennial. It performs best in full sun but tolerates partial shade, though flowering may be less prolific. Adequate air circulation is important; space plants 18 to 24 inches apart to prevent issues.
Bee Balm prefers moist, well-drained soil rich in organic matter. While it tolerates some drought once established, regular watering is beneficial during dry spells. Avoid overhead watering to mitigate disease. Fertilizing in spring with an all-purpose fertilizer supports vigorous growth.
Powdery mildew is a common fungal issue. Good air circulation and avoiding overhead irrigation are preventative measures. Deadheading spent flowers encourages continuous blooming, and dividing clumps every two to three years maintains vigor and prevents overcrowding. Bee Balm also attracts pollinators.
Harvesting and Using Your Earl Plants
Harvesting Bergamot Orange fruit occurs when the rind turns yellow-green and feels soft. For culinary purposes, the zest is primarily used for its intense fragrance and flavor; the juice is often sour. To prepare homemade Earl Grey tea, infuse dried zest with black tea leaves for the characteristic citrus aroma.
For Bee Balm, both leaves and flowers can be harvested. They can be used fresh or dried for brewing herbal teas, offering a minty, spicy, citrus flavor. To make tea, steep one tablespoon of fresh or one teaspoon of dried bee balm leaves and flowers in hot water for 5 to 10 minutes. The flowers can also be an attractive addition to salads.