Medications can have unintended effects. Anticholinergic side effects are a common group of challenges some individuals experience while taking certain drugs. Understanding these effects can help people manage their health and communicate with healthcare providers.
Understanding Anticholinergic Action
The term “anticholinergic” refers to medications that interfere with acetylcholine, a natural chemical messenger in the body. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in many bodily functions, including muscle movement, learning, memory, and involuntary processes like digestion and salivation.
Anticholinergic medications block acetylcholine from attaching to its receptors on nerve cells. These drugs often target muscarinic receptors, found in areas like the brain, eyes, salivary glands, heart, lungs, and digestive system. By inhibiting acetylcholine, these medications reduce nerve impulses that control involuntary muscle movements and various bodily secretions.
Common Anticholinergic Side Effects
When acetylcholine’s actions are blocked, a range of symptoms can appear across different body systems. Dry mouth is a common effect, occurring because anticholinergics reduce saliva production. This can make chewing and swallowing difficult and contribute to dental issues.
Vision can also be affected, resulting in blurred vision or difficulty focusing as these medications affect eye muscles and cause pupils to dilate. Dry eyes may also occur due to decreased tear production. The digestive system can be impacted, leading to constipation as food movement through the intestines slows.
Anticholinergic effects can extend to the urinary system, causing urinary retention, where individuals have trouble fully emptying their bladder. Some individuals experience increased heart rate. These medications can also reduce sweating, increasing the risk of overheating in warm environments.
Regarding cognitive function, individuals may experience drowsiness, confusion, or memory problems. These effects are often more pronounced in older adults, who are more susceptible to such changes.
Medications That Can Cause Anticholinergic Side Effects
Many medications can have anticholinergic properties, either as their main action or as a side effect. Over-the-counter first-generation antihistamines, like diphenhydramine, are known for these effects and are found in allergy medications and sleep aids.
Certain prescription drug classes also commonly cause these effects. Tricyclic antidepressants, used for mood disorders and chronic pain, often have anticholinergic properties. Some antipsychotic medications, prescribed for conditions like schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, can also produce these effects.
Other examples include medications for overactive bladder, which reduce bladder spasms, and some muscle relaxants. While these medications offer intended benefits, understanding their potential anticholinergic effects is important for patients and healthcare providers.
Managing Side Effects and When to Seek Medical Advice
Managing anticholinergic side effects often involves practical strategies. For dry mouth, staying hydrated, using sugar-free candies, or trying artificial saliva products can offer relief. If blurred vision is an issue, lubricating eye drops can help, but avoid driving or operating machinery if vision is significantly impaired. For constipation, increasing dietary fiber and fluid intake can be beneficial.
Consult a healthcare provider if side effects are severe, persistent, worsen, or significantly interfere with daily life. New or concerning symptoms, especially confusion, hallucinations, or difficulty urinating, warrant prompt medical attention. Never stop or adjust a prescribed medication without discussing it with your doctor. A healthcare professional can evaluate the situation, adjust medication, or recommend alternative treatments to ensure safety and well-being.