Amphetamine sulfate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant medication. It is a sulfate derivative of amphetamine, appearing as a white crystalline powder with a slightly bitter taste. As a prescription medication, it is primarily used to address certain medical conditions by increasing activity in the brain.
Understanding Its Action
Amphetamine sulfate exerts its therapeutic effects by influencing specific chemical messengers in the brain, known as neurotransmitters. Primarily, it increases the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft.
The elevated concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine enhance signal transmission between neurons. This process leads to increased arousal, reduced fatigue, improved cognitive function, and heightened alertness. Amphetamine sulfate also influences the serotonergic system, contributing to mood-enhancing properties. These neurochemical changes contribute to the medication’s ability to improve attention and reduce impulsivity.
Key Medical Conditions Treated
Amphetamine sulfate is primarily used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. For individuals with ADHD, amphetamine sulfate helps manage symptoms such as distractibility, short attention span, hyperactivity, emotional lability, and impulsivity. It increases attention and decreases restlessness in children and adults who struggle with these issues.
Narcolepsy, a neurological sleep disorder, causes excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep. Amphetamine sulfate helps to improve alertness and reduce this excessive daytime sleepiness in people diagnosed with narcolepsy. In some cases, it has also been used as part of a short-term weight reduction program for obesity in adults and children over 12, when other treatments have not been effective. However, its use for obesity is less common now.
Managing Side Effects and Risks
Even when used as prescribed, amphetamine sulfate can cause side effects, some of which can be serious. Common side effects include increased heart rate, mood changes, anxiety, restlessness, trouble sleeping, dry mouth, stomach pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, headaches, dizziness, and itching.
More serious side effects require immediate medical attention, such as signs of heart problems like chest pain or trouble breathing, or signs of psychosis, including hallucinations and paranoia. There is also a risk of circulation problems, which can cause numbness, pain, or discoloration in fingers and toes. Patients should avoid taking amphetamine sulfate if they have pre-existing conditions like heart disease, moderate to severe high blood pressure, an overactive thyroid, or a history of drug abuse. Concomitant use with MAO inhibitors is contraindicated due to the risk of dangerous drug interactions.
Regulatory Classification
Amphetamine sulfate is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance by regulatory agencies. This classification signifies that while it has accepted medical uses, it also carries a high potential for abuse and dependence.
Due to its classification, amphetamine sulfate is subject to strict regulations regarding its storage, prescription, and distribution. Misuse can lead to addiction, overdose, or death, emphasizing the importance of using the medication exactly as directed by a healthcare provider. Selling or giving away amphetamine sulfate is against the law.