Akkermansia muciniphila is a species of bacteria that lives in the human intestines. First identified in 2004, its name provides a clue to its function: “muciniphila” translates to “mucin-loving,” pointing to its relationship with the mucus layer of the gut. In healthy individuals, this bacterium can make up about 1-5% of the gut microbiota. Its presence is closely tied to the overall health of the intestinal environment.
Function in the Gut Lining
The human gut is protected by a mucosal layer, which acts as a barrier separating the trillions of microbes in the gut from the rest of the body. This barrier is composed mainly of mucin, a glycoprotein. Akkermansia muciniphila resides in this mucus layer and uses mucin as its primary energy source.
By degrading mucin, A. muciniphila stimulates the specialized intestinal cells, known as goblet cells, to produce more of it. This constant cycle of degradation and regeneration helps maintain a thick and robust mucosal barrier. A well-maintained gut lining is better able to prevent harmful substances and pathogens from passing from the intestine into the bloodstream.
Relationship with Metabolic Health
Scientific research has identified a strong connection between the abundance of Akkermansia and metabolic health. Lower levels of this bacterium are frequently observed in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Conversely, higher levels are associated with a healthier metabolic profile and improvements in insulin sensitivity during weight loss interventions.
The stronger gut lining promoted by Akkermansia reduces the leakage of inflammatory molecules from the gut into the circulation. This helps to lower systemic low-grade inflammation, a factor that contributes to insulin resistance. As A. muciniphila breaks down mucin, it produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can help regulate glucose metabolism and appetite.
A protein secreted by A. muciniphila called P9 has been found to increase the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar. Animal studies have shown that administration of A. muciniphila can reduce body weight gain and fasting blood glucose while improving glucose tolerance. These findings underscore its role in metabolic regulation.
Influence on the Immune System
Emerging research has highlighted a role for A. muciniphila in cancer treatment. Studies have found that patients who respond well to certain cancer immunotherapies, specifically checkpoint inhibitors, often have higher levels of this bacterium in their gut. In some cases, the presence of A. muciniphila was associated with better clinical responses and longer survival in patients with lung, kidney, or bladder cancer. In mouse models of melanoma and colorectal cancer, combining immunotherapy with an A. muciniphila probiotic enhanced the anti-tumor immune response.
Modifying Akkermansia Levels Through Diet
While Akkermansia is not found in food, its growth can be encouraged through specific dietary choices. One effective strategy is to consume foods rich in polyphenols, which are natural plant compounds. Foods like cranberries, pomegranates, grapes, green tea, and dark chocolate (with high cocoa content) have been shown to support A. muciniphila populations.
Prebiotic fibers are another dietary component that act as food for beneficial gut bacteria. Sources include onions, garlic, leeks, asparagus, and Jerusalem artichokes. Healthy fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids from sources like fatty fish, chia seeds, and flaxseeds, also support a balanced gut microbiome.
For those seeking a more direct approach, Akkermansia muciniphila is now available as a probiotic supplement. Clinical studies have demonstrated that both live and pasteurized forms of the bacterium are safe and effective. The pasteurized version has been shown to exert positive effects on metabolic health, offering a stable and accessible option for supplementation.