A mucocele is a harmless, fluid-filled cyst that develops in the mouth. These cysts form when mucus from a salivary gland accumulates in the surrounding tissue, creating a small, bubble-like swelling. They are benign lesions, meaning they are not cancerous and do not pose a serious health risk. They are one of the more common types of lesions found within the oral cavity.
Appearance and Symptoms of a Mucocele
A mucocele typically presents as a soft, dome-shaped lesion that is movable to the touch. Its appearance can vary, often looking like a clear, pearly, or bluish-toned bump. The size can range from 1 millimeter up to 2 centimeters in diameter. These cysts are most frequently found on the inner surface of the lower lip.
Other common locations for mucoceles include the inside of the cheeks, the tongue, and the floor of the mouth. When a mucocele forms on the floor of the mouth, it is referred to as a ranula. Generally, these cysts are painless, but can become noticeable and cause discomfort. A larger cyst might interfere with functions like chewing or speaking.
Some sensitivity can occur with direct contact. The cyst may persist for several weeks or months, sometimes shrinking and then recurring. This cycle can involve the cyst spontaneously rupturing and releasing a stringy, mucoid fluid before healing and potentially reforming.
How Mucoceles Form
The formation of a mucocele is directly related to the minor salivary glands located throughout the mouth. These glands produce saliva, which is transported through tiny ducts into the oral cavity. A mucocele develops when one of these ducts is damaged or blocked, disrupting the normal flow of saliva. The most common reason for this damage is trauma.
This trauma can be as simple as accidentally biting the inside of your lip or cheek. Other causes include injuries from dental appliances like braces, which can repeatedly irritate the tissue, or habits such as sucking on the lower lip or cheek. When the duct is injured, saliva spills out into the adjacent soft tissue instead of emptying into the mouth.
There are two primary classifications for these cysts. An extravasation mucocele occurs when a salivary gland duct is ruptured, causing saliva to leak into the surrounding tissue. In contrast, a retention mucocele happens when the duct becomes obstructed, causing saliva to build up within the duct itself.
Treatment and Removal Options
Many small mucoceles resolve on their own without medical intervention, often rupturing and healing within three to six weeks. It is important to avoid trying to pop or drain the cyst at home. Doing so can introduce bacteria, leading to infection, and may increase the likelihood of the mucocele returning. Professional diagnosis is recommended to confirm it is a mucocele and not a more serious condition.
For cysts that are persistent, large, or cause discomfort that interferes with daily activities like eating or talking, professional treatment is available. A healthcare provider might diagnose a mucocele by its appearance, but in some cases, an ultrasound, biopsy, or CT scan may be used to confirm the diagnosis.
One common procedure is surgical excision, which involves the complete removal of the mucocele. The associated minor salivary gland is often also removed during this procedure to prevent the cyst from coming back. Another method is laser ablation, where a focused beam of light is used to remove the cyst tissue. Cryotherapy, which involves freezing the mucocele, is also an option.
For larger cysts, particularly ranulas, a surgical technique called marsupialization may be performed. This procedure involves making a small incision in the cyst and suturing the edges to create a permanent opening. This allows the saliva to drain freely from the gland, preventing the cyst from refilling.
Recovery and Likelihood of Recurrence
Following a medical procedure to remove a mucocele, the recovery period is straightforward. Patients might experience some minor discomfort, swelling, or tenderness in the treated area, which usually subsides within a short time. The specifics of recovery depend on the removal method used and the size of the original cyst.
The likelihood of a mucocele returning is a primary consideration in its management. Recurrence is possible, especially if the underlying cause of trauma to the area continues or if the affected salivary gland is not removed along with the cyst. If the gland remains, it can become damaged again and form a new cyst.
Preventing recurrence involves addressing the habits that may have contributed to the initial trauma. For example, if the mucocele was caused by a habit of biting or sucking on the lip or cheek, stopping these actions can reduce the risk of another one forming. For those with dental appliances, ensuring a proper fit that does not cause irritation can also be a preventative measure.