Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme found throughout the body. Supplements designed to interact with MAO, often derived from natural sources, are explored for their potential effects on neurochemistry and overall well-being by modulating the breakdown of certain brain chemicals.
Understanding Monoamine Oxidase
Monoamine oxidase is an enzyme system found within cells, particularly abundant in the brain, liver, and gut. Its primary function involves the oxidative deamination of monoamines, a class of neurotransmitters and signaling molecules. This process breaks down these compounds, controlling their levels.
The enzyme exists in two main forms, MAO-A and MAO-B, each with distinct preferences for monoamines. MAO-A predominantly breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and lesser dopamine. Conversely, MAO-B primarily metabolizes dopamine, tyramine, and phenylethylamine, and is less active against serotonin and norepinephrine. This breakdown of neurotransmitters by MAO regulates mood, cognition, and other physiological processes.
How Supplements Influence MAO Activity
Supplements aiming to influence MAO activity typically work by inhibiting the enzyme. This reduces its ability to break down monoamine neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, allowing their levels to increase in the brain. This mechanism is similar to how certain prescription medications operate, though usually with a milder effect.
Inhibition can be either reversible or irreversible, depending on how the supplement interacts with the enzyme. Reversible inhibitors bind temporarily, allowing the enzyme to regain activity once cleared. Irreversible inhibitors form a more permanent bond, deactivating the enzyme until new molecules are synthesized. Some supplements may also indirectly affect MAO levels or function by altering cellular pathways for enzyme production or degradation.
Key Natural Compounds and Their MAO Effects
Several natural compounds and extracts have been studied for their potential to modulate MAO activity. St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum), a well-known herbal supplement, contains hypericin and hyperforin, compounds with mild MAO-A inhibitory effects. This action contributes to its traditional use for mood support.
Rhodiola rosea, an adaptogenic herb, contains rosavin and salidroside, which may have weak MAO-inhibiting properties, particularly MAO-A. Curcumin, a polyphenol found in turmeric, has also been investigated for its potential to inhibit both MAO-A and MAO-B, though its human effect is still being studied. Some flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables can also exhibit mild MAO-inhibitory actions.
Important Considerations for MAO-Targeting Supplements
Using supplements that influence MAO activity requires careful consideration due to effects on brain chemistry and interactions with other substances. A concern is interaction with prescription medications, especially conventional monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) used for depression. Combining MAO-targeting supplements with these drugs or other antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can lead to excessive neurotransmitter levels, potentially causing severe reactions like serotonin syndrome.
Dietary restrictions are also a consideration, particularly for stronger MAO-inhibiting supplements. Certain foods rich in tyramine, such as aged cheeses, cured meats, and fermented products, can cause a dangerous rise in blood pressure when consumed with MAO inhibitors. The strength and purity of natural supplements can vary widely, making it difficult to predict exact effects or potential interactions. Therefore, consulting a healthcare professional before taking any MAO-targeting supplement is recommended, especially for individuals with existing health conditions or those taking other medications.