Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is a B vitamin. It is a synthetic form of folate, a naturally occurring vitamin B9 found in many foods. A folic acid test measures the amount of this vitamin in your bloodstream.
Reasons for a Folic Acid Test
Folic acid is essential for forming healthy red blood cells and synthesizing DNA. This vitamin works alongside vitamin B12 to ensure proper cell development and function.
A doctor might order a folic acid test if a person shows symptoms of deficiency, such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, or shortness of breath. These symptoms are often associated with megaloblastic anemia, where red blood cells become abnormally large and cannot function effectively.
Certain medical conditions can lead to folic acid deficiency. Conditions like celiac disease or Crohn’s disease can impair the body’s ability to absorb nutrients, including folate, from food. Excessive alcohol consumption, certain medications, and conditions that increase the body’s demand for folate, such as hemolytic anemia, can also contribute to lower levels.
Folic acid testing is important during pregnancy planning and throughout pregnancy. Adequate folic acid levels are crucial for the proper development of the fetal neural tube, which forms the brain and spinal cord. Insufficient levels during early pregnancy can increase the risk of neural tube defects like spina bifida.
How a Folic Acid Test is Performed
A folic acid test is a blood draw procedure. A healthcare professional collects a blood sample from a vein, usually in your arm. This process is generally quick and well-tolerated.
Preparation for a folic acid test involves fasting. You may be asked to avoid eating or drinking anything other than water for 6 to 8 hours before the test. Fasting helps ensure the accuracy of results, as recent food intake can temporarily affect serum folate levels. Your healthcare provider will provide specific instructions regarding medications, as some can interfere with test results.
Understanding Your Folic Acid Test Results
Folic acid test results indicate if your levels are normal, low, or high. Normal serum folate levels typically range from 4 to 20 ng/mL, though values may vary slightly depending on the laboratory. Understanding these levels provides insight into your body’s folate status.
Low folic acid levels, often referred to as folate deficiency, can lead to megaloblastic anemia, characterized by abnormally large, immature red blood cells that cannot carry oxygen efficiently. Symptoms of deficiency can include fatigue, muscle weakness, a sore tongue, and neurological symptoms like tingling in the hands and feet. Treatment usually involves oral folic acid supplements and dietary adjustments to include folate-rich foods such as leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, and fortified grains.
High folic acid levels, though less common, can occur due to excessive supplementation or fortified foods. High folate levels can sometimes mask an underlying vitamin B12 deficiency, which can have serious neurological consequences if left untreated. Healthcare professionals often evaluate both folic acid and vitamin B12 levels together. A healthcare professional should interpret your folic acid test results in the context of your overall health and medical history, guiding any necessary next steps or treatment plans.