Firmiana is a genus of deciduous trees, commonly known as the Chinese Parasol Tree or Phoenix Tree. These trees grow to a medium size, reaching heights of 30 to 50 feet. Native to East Asia, including China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and parts of Vietnam, Firmiana was introduced to the U.S. in the 1850s and has since naturalized in the Southeast and California.
Identifying Firmiana
Firmiana trees are characterized by their large, lobed leaves, which can measure up to 12 inches across and often resemble maple leaves in shape. These leaves are bright green on top and are often hairy underneath, turning yellow in the fall. The tree’s smooth, greenish bark on young branches and the trunk is a distinctive feature.
In late spring or early summer, Firmiana produces clusters of yellowish-green, star-shaped and mildly fragrant flowers. These flowers, which lack petals but have yellow and white sepals, appear in long terminal panicles that can be 10 to 20 inches wide. Following the blooms, papery, boat-shaped fruits develop, splitting open in autumn to reveal pea-sized, globular seeds.
Cultivating Firmiana
Firmiana trees thrive in conditions ranging from full sun to partial shade, requiring at least six to eight hours of direct sunlight daily during the growing season. They are adaptable to various well-drained soil types, though sandy soils can lead to prolific self-seeding. Soil should be deep, rich, and dark, with at least 3-5% organic matter.
Young trees benefit from regular moisture, though established trees show some drought resistance and consistent watering promotes healthy growth. Firmiana simplex is cold hardy to USDA Zones 7-9.
Propagation of Firmiana can be achieved from seeds or cuttings. When propagating from cuttings, providing bottom heat, humidity control, and bright, indirect light can aid successful rooting. Protecting young trees from strong winds is advisable, as their branches can be susceptible to breakage.
Diverse Uses of Firmiana
The Chinese Parasol Tree is widely used as an ornamental tree in landscaping due to its ability to cast dense shade from its large leaves, similar to a parasol. It is planted as a specimen, shade, or street tree, although the fruit and leaf litter can be messy. The tree’s green stems and bark provide year-round visual interest.
Beyond its ornamental value, Firmiana holds traditional and historical significance in various East Asian cultures. The common name “Phoenix Tree” stems from Chinese legend, where the supernatural phoenix bird is said to perch on Firmiana trees. The seed pods also release a brownish, varnish-like fluid as they open, leading to another common name, the Japanese Varnish Tree.
Traditionally, parts of the Firmiana tree have been utilized:
Its tough bark has been used for textiles.
The leaves have been employed to stop bleeding or as a tobacco substitute.
The seeds have been used as food and in herbal medicine for cough remedies.
The wood is also used for making musical instruments and clogs.