The Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia), native to South America, was once admired for its ornamental appeal. However, it has become a widely recognized invasive species in various global ecosystems. Its rapid spread and ecological impact have transformed it into a significant environmental concern. Understanding its characteristics and effects is important for managing its presence in non-native areas.
Identification and Origin
The Brazilian peppertree is a sprawling shrub or small tree, often featuring multiple trunks. Its leaves are pinnately compound, with 3 to 15 leaflets that emit a distinct peppery aroma when crushed. These glossy, evergreen leaves range from green to yellowish-green and are arranged alternately along the stems. During late summer and fall, small white flowers appear in clusters, followed by spherical, bright red berries that ripen in mid-winter.
This species is native to regions of South America, specifically Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It was introduced to other parts of the world, including the United States in the late 1800s, where it was cultivated for its aesthetic qualities. Over time, it escaped cultivated landscapes and naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas, such as Florida, Hawaii, Texas, and California, due to its adaptability.
Invasive Characteristics
The Brazilian peppertree is problematic because of its aggressive growth, forming dense, impenetrable thickets. These thickets outcompete and displace native vegetation, significantly reducing local biodiversity. Its ability to colonize open areas and disturbed sites rapidly contributes to its success as an invasive species.
Its prolific seed production is a major factor in its spread, with female plants producing many fruits. These bright red berries are attractive to birds and small mammals, which consume them and then disperse the seeds over wide areas, facilitating the plant’s spread into new habitats. The plant also spreads through root suckers, further expanding its territory.
The Brazilian peppertree also exhibits allelopathy, releasing chemicals from its foliage and roots into the soil. These compounds inhibit the germination and growth of other plant species, giving the Brazilian peppertree a competitive advantage over native flora. This actively suppresses the establishment and survival of indigenous vegetation, contributing to the formation of monocultures where the Brazilian peppertree dominates.
Health Considerations
The Brazilian peppertree belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, which also includes well-known irritants like poison ivy and poison sumac. The plant contains compounds that can cause adverse reactions in sensitive individuals. Direct contact with the sap can lead to skin irritation, such as a rash, itching, or blistering.
Beyond skin contact, burning Brazilian peppertree material releases airborne irritants that can cause respiratory problems. Inhaling the smoke may lead to coughing, wheezing, and other breathing difficulties, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions. Caution should be exercised when handling or removing this plant, and burning it is not advised due to these health risks.
Management and Removal
Effective management of Brazilian peppertree infestations requires persistent effort due to its aggressive resprouting capabilities. For small seedlings, hand-pulling is an option, ensuring the entire root system is removed to prevent regrowth. This method is most practical for new, isolated plants.
For larger trees, the “cut-stump” method is used. This involves cutting the trunk as close to the ground as possible, then applying a herbicide directly to the fresh cut surface. Herbicides containing active ingredients like glyphosate or triclopyr are effective when applied to the cambium layer, the thin living tissue just inside the bark, to ensure the chemical is absorbed and translocated throughout the root system.
Another chemical control technique is the basal bark application, which is effective in the fall when the plant is actively translocating nutrients. This method involves applying an oil-soluble herbicide, such as triclopyr ester, mixed with a penetrating oil to the lower 12 to 18 inches of the trunk. The herbicide penetrates the bark and is carried throughout the plant, including the roots, aiming for complete control. Due to the plant’s tenacity, large or widespread infestations often benefit from professional intervention to ensure thorough and long-term eradication.