The Barletta plant, a distinctive globe artichoke, offers both aesthetic appeal and culinary delight. Valued for its flavorful buds, it is a rewarding addition to any garden, providing fresh, edible flower heads. Its cultivation combines the joy of gardening with the pleasure of harvesting a gourmet vegetable.
Understanding the Barletta Artichoke
The Barletta Artichoke is a type of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus), a perennial thistle in the sunflower family. While specific characteristics of the “Barletta” cultivar are not widely documented, it is understood to be a regional type from Italy’s Barletta region. These large plants typically grow 3 to 5 feet tall and 4 to 6 feet wide, with arching, silvery-green leaves and thick stems. The edible part is the immature flower bud, which, if left unharvested, opens into a striking violet-blue thistle-like flower. Their tender heart and fleshy bract bases offer a slightly nutty, earthy flavor and tender texture, making them a staple in Italian cuisine.
Planting and Growing Barletta Artichokes
Barletta Artichokes thrive in full sun, requiring at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight daily for optimal bud development. The soil should be well-draining, fertile, and rich in organic matter, with a slightly acidic to neutral pH between 6.5 and 7.0. Amending the soil with compost or aged manure before planting is beneficial, as artichokes are heavy feeders.
For propagation, artichokes can be started from seeds, established crowns, or rooted shoots. Seeds are sown indoors 8 to 12 weeks before the last expected frost in late winter or early spring. Transplants, whether from seeds or purchased crowns, should be set out after the danger of frost has passed in late spring, or in fall in warmer climates. Plant roots 6 to 8 inches deep, ensuring consistent moisture. Space plants 3 to 4 feet apart in rows 4 to 6 feet apart, as mature plants spread significantly.
Ongoing Care for Barletta Artichokes
Barletta Artichokes require consistent moisture. They need deep watering, about 1 to 2 inches per week, especially as buds begin to form and throughout the summer. Mulching around the plants with organic material such as straw or compost helps retain soil moisture and suppresses weed growth. Ensure the crown of the plant is not smothered while mulching.
Regular fertilization is important due to their high nutrient needs. A balanced organic fertilizer, or one high in nitrogen, can be applied monthly or every four to six weeks after transplanting. Side-dressing with compost as the plants grow further enriches the soil. Monitor for pests and diseases; common issues include sucking insects like aphids and mites, and fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and botrytis. Organic control methods include spraying leaves with water to dislodge pests, applying horticultural soap or neem oil for heavier infestations, and ensuring good air circulation through proper spacing.
Harvesting Your Barletta Artichokes
Harvest Barletta Artichokes at the correct stage for optimal flavor and tenderness. Readiness is indicated by bud size (typically 3 to 5 inches in diameter) and tight scales. Buds should feel firm and compact; if scales open or spread, the artichoke is past its prime, becoming tough and inedible.
To harvest, use sharp pruning shears or a knife to cut the stem about 2 to 3 inches below the bud. This technique promotes further production from side shoots. The central bud usually develops first and is often the largest, followed by smaller side buds. Once harvested, artichokes can be stored in the refrigerator for up to two weeks.
Overwintering and Perennial Care
In mild winter regions (USDA zones 7-11), Barletta Artichokes grow as perennials for several years. To prepare plants for dormancy in colder areas (zones 6-7), cut the foliage back to about 6 to 12 inches above the ground after the fall harvest or when frost is imminent. Protecting the crown from freezing temperatures (below 25°F) is important to prevent root damage. Apply a thick layer of organic mulch, such as straw or shredded leaves, over the plant crowns to insulate them through winter.
In spring, as temperatures rise and the danger of frost passes, gradually remove the mulch to allow new growth to emerge. Every 3 to 5 years, dividing and replanting the crowns can help maintain plant vigor and productivity. This involves digging up the plant, separating healthy rooted shoots, and replanting them.