A cavity is a damaged area in the hard surface of a tooth. This oral health issue begins small but can worsen over time. Understanding the consequences of neglecting a cavity is important.
The Progression of Tooth Decay
Tooth decay starts when bacteria in the mouth convert sugars and starches from food into acids. These acids then attack the tooth’s outermost layer, the enamel. The initial stage involves demineralization. This process weakens the enamel, making it more susceptible to further damage.
If demineralization continues without intervention, the enamel breaks down further, and a visible hole or cavity can form. Once the decay breaches the enamel, it reaches the dentin. Dentin is softer, allowing the decay to advance more rapidly. At this stage, individuals may experience increased tooth sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks.
The decay can then extend into the pulp chamber. When bacteria and acids reach the pulp, it can become inflamed, leading to significant pain. This inflammation, known as pulpitis, causes pressure within the tooth.
Advanced Complications of Untreated Cavities
Once decay reaches the pulp, it often results in intense, persistent pain. This includes increased sensitivity to temperature or pressure.
Infection is a significant complication as bacteria invade the pulp, leading to a condition called pulpitis. If untreated, this infection can form a pocket of pus at the root tip, known as a dental abscess. Abscesses can cause facial swelling, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. The infection can spread to surrounding tissues, leading to cellulitis or osteomyelitis. In severe cases, it can enter the bloodstream, causing sepsis.
Untreated cavities also increase the risk of tooth loss, often necessitating extraction when the tooth cannot be saved. The infection and inflammation can damage the surrounding jawbone. Missing teeth can cause neighboring teeth to shift, affecting bite alignment and making oral hygiene challenging. Beyond oral health, chronic dental infections have been linked to systemic health implications.
Treatment Options for Advanced Cavities
When a cavity has progressed significantly, root canal therapy is often performed if decay has reached the pulp. This procedure involves removing the infected pulp, cleaning and filling the tooth.
Following a root canal, a dental crown is frequently recommended. A crown is a cap that covers the tooth, restoring its strength and appearance. If the tooth cannot be saved, extraction becomes the only option.
After an extraction, procedures can replace the missing tooth. Dental implants involve a post in the jawbone to support a crown, or dental bridges use adjacent teeth to support a tooth. These advanced treatments are more complex and costly than addressing a cavity in its early stages.
Preventing Cavities and Early Intervention
Preventing cavities relies on oral hygiene practices. Brushing teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste helps remove plaque and food debris. Daily flossing cleans between teeth and along the gumline.
Dietary considerations play a role, limiting sugary foods and drinks reduces decay-causing bacteria. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings enable early detection and treatment of cavities. Addressing a cavity when it is small and confined to the enamel or outer dentin can prevent it from progressing to more severe complications, preserving the tooth’s structure and avoiding costly procedures.