Drywall, a common building material for interior walls and ceilings, is not intended for consumption, but accidental ingestion can occur.
Drywall Composition
Drywall panels primarily consist of gypsum, a mineral made of calcium sulfate dihydrate, which typically accounts for 70 to 90 percent of each sheet. This gypsum core is then typically sandwiched between sheets of heavy paper, or sometimes fiberglass mats for mold resistance. The paper, or cellulose, can make up around 10 percent of the drywall’s composition.
Beyond these main components, drywall includes various additives in trace amounts to enhance its properties. These can include starch, plasticizers, foaming agents, and compounds like boric acid or mica crystals, which improve strength, fire resistance, or reduce water absorption.
Health Effects of Ingestion
Ingesting drywall can lead to a range of physical effects, though the severity often depends on the amount consumed and any contaminants present. The gypsum and paper in drywall are largely indigestible. While gypsum is generally non-toxic in small quantities, larger amounts can cause gastrointestinal upset. This bulk material can lead to symptoms such as stomach discomfort, nausea, or constipation. In rare instances, very large amounts could potentially contribute to intestinal obstruction if the material hardens.
Beyond the core components, the primary health concern arises from potential contaminants on or within the drywall. Mold, which can thrive on damp drywall, poses significant risks, potentially causing allergic reactions like sneezing, runny nose, and skin rashes. Ingesting mold can also lead to more severe respiratory issues, including asthma attacks, coughing, wheezing, and in some cases, lung infections. Additionally, if the drywall is from an older home, it might contain lead paint; lead exposure can affect brain development and other bodily systems.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Medical attention is warranted if drywall has been ingested, especially if the amount is substantial or if concerning symptoms develop. Immediate consultation is advised if an individual experiences persistent vomiting, severe abdominal pain, or difficulty breathing, as these could indicate a serious issue. Signs of potential poisoning, such as lethargy or confusion, also necessitate urgent medical evaluation.
Seek medical advice if moldy drywall is suspected, due to associated respiratory and allergic risks. Similarly, if drywall from an older home, potentially containing lead, was consumed, medical assessment for lead exposure is crucial. For infants, toddlers, or individuals with pre-existing health conditions, prompt medical consultation is especially important due to their increased vulnerability. A poison control center can also provide immediate guidance; in the United States, the national hotline is 1-800-222-1222.
Understanding Pica and Drywall Ingestion
Pica is an eating disorder characterized by a compulsive appetite for non-nutritive, non-food substances, and it is a common reason for drywall ingestion. This behavior is diagnosed when someone persistently eats such items for at least one month, and it is considered developmentally inappropriate for their age.
Pica can be associated with various underlying factors, including nutritional deficiencies like low iron, zinc, or calcium levels. Pica is also frequently observed in individuals with developmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities. In these cases, sensory-seeking behaviors or difficulty distinguishing between edible and inedible items may contribute to the ingestion of non-food substances.
Additionally, certain mental health conditions, pregnancy, or even significant stress can be associated with pica. If drywall ingestion is recurrent, particularly in children, consulting a healthcare professional is important to identify and address the underlying cause of the pica.