Oral thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is a common fungal infection that develops in the mouth. It occurs when a type of yeast called Candida albicans, naturally present in small amounts, grows excessively. This overgrowth leads to noticeable signs and symptoms within the oral cavity.
Common Symptoms
The most recognizable sign of oral thrush is creamy white patches or lesions inside the mouth. These patches can form on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, tonsils, and the roof of the mouth. These raised spots often resemble cottage cheese and may blend to form larger areas.
If these white patches are rubbed or scraped, they reveal red, inflamed areas underneath that may bleed slightly. Oral thrush can cause various uncomfortable sensations. Individuals often report a burning or sore feeling, which can make eating or swallowing difficult.
A cottony or fuzzy sensation in the mouth is also common, alongside an altered or diminished sense of taste. An unpleasant taste or dryness may occur. Cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth, known as angular cheilitis, may also accompany oral thrush.
Who Gets Oral Thrush
While Candida fungus is a normal inhabitant of the mouth, certain factors can disrupt the natural balance of microorganisms, leading to overgrowth and oral thrush. Individuals with weakened immune systems are more susceptible, including infants and older adults who have weaker immunity. Conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, and cancer treatments like chemotherapy can also compromise the immune system, increasing risk.
Certain medications may also predispose individuals to oral thrush. Long-term antibiotic use can kill beneficial bacteria that keep Candida in check, allowing the fungus to multiply. Similarly, inhaled corticosteroids, often used for asthma, can create an environment conducive to fungal growth. Other risk factors include uncontrolled diabetes, where high sugar levels in saliva promote Candida growth, and the use of dentures, especially if not cleaned properly. Dry mouth also contributes by reducing saliva’s protective effects.
When to Consult a Doctor
If you observe white patches or other symptoms consistent with oral thrush, seek medical or dental attention. While often not serious in healthy individuals, persistent or worsening symptoms warrant professional evaluation. A doctor can diagnose oral thrush through a visual examination.
Medical consultation is important if symptoms are severe, cause significant pain, or make eating and swallowing difficult. If symptoms return after initial treatment or if you have an underlying health condition that weakens your immune system, consult a doctor to rule out more serious issues or identify contributing factors. If the infection is suspected to have spread beyond the mouth, further tests such as a throat swab or an endoscopy may be recommended.