Skin cancer results from uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells, primarily caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV rays damage skin cell DNA, leading to cancerous growths. While anyone can develop skin cancer, prolonged sun exposure significantly increases the risk.
Appearance of Common Skin Cancers
Skin cancers appear in various ways. Recognizing their visual characteristics is important for early detection. The three common types are Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), and Melanoma.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent type, often appearing on sun-exposed areas. It can present as a raised, pearly, or waxy bump, sometimes translucent with visible blood vessels. Some BCCs may look like a flat, scar-like lesion, or a sore that bleeds, oozes, or crusts and does not heal. These growths typically enlarge slowly.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) commonly develops on sun-exposed areas like the face, ears, and hands. SCCs can appear as a firm, red nodule or a flat, scaly patch with a crusted surface. These lesions may resemble warts or non-healing open sores, sometimes bleeding or itching. SCC can grow more quickly than BCC and may spread if untreated.
Melanoma, though less common, is the most serious form due to its potential to spread rapidly. It can develop from an existing mole or appear as a new dark spot. Melanomas often have variable appearances, such as a large brown spot with darker speckles, or a mole that changes in size, shape, or color. They may exhibit irregular borders and a mix of colors, including shades of brown, black, red, white, or blue.
Key Indicators for Self-Examination
Regular self-examination helps identify suspicious lesions early. The ABCDE rule is a widely recognized method for checking moles, especially for potential melanomas.
- Asymmetry (A): One half of the mole does not match the other.
- Border (B) irregularity: Edges are ragged, notched, or blurred.
- Color (C) variation: Uneven coloration with multiple shades.
- Diameter (D): Larger than 6 millimeters (pencil eraser size) warrants attention.
- Evolving (E): Any change in size, shape, color, or elevation, or new symptoms like itching or bleeding.
Beyond the ABCDEs, other general changes can signal potential skin cancers, including non-healing sores that may bleed or crust. Persistent red patches, new growths that feel itchy or tender, or any spot that stands out as different from others on the skin, often called the “ugly duckling” sign, should also be noted. Performing a thorough self-examination involves checking all skin areas, including less sun-exposed regions, using a full-length mirror and a hand mirror. This routine should cover the scalp, face, neck, torso, arms, hands, legs, and feet, along with areas like underarms and between toes.
Next Steps and Medical Consultation
If any new, changing, or suspicious lesion is observed, seek professional medical evaluation. A dermatologist can assess concerning spots and determine the appropriate action.
During a dermatologist visit, a comprehensive skin examination is performed. The doctor may use a dermatoscope to examine lesions in detail. If a spot appears suspicious, a biopsy may be recommended to determine if it is cancerous.
Early detection is crucial for successful treatment. When diagnosed in initial stages, skin cancer is highly treatable, with significantly higher cure rates. For instance, early-stage melanoma has a much higher five-year survival rate than advanced cases. Protecting skin from excessive sun exposure remains an effective prevention strategy.