Tinnitus is the experience of hearing sounds originating from within the body rather than from an external source. It is not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying condition.
The Auditory Experience
The sounds associated with tinnitus are diverse and vary significantly among individuals. While often described as a “ringing in the ears,” the perceived noises can encompass a wide range of auditory sensations. These may include buzzing, hissing, roaring, clicking, whistling, humming, or even sounds resembling static or ocean waves. Some individuals might also report hearing musical notes or singing.
The characteristics of these phantom sounds are highly variable. Tinnitus can differ in pitch, ranging from a low roar to a high squeal. The volume can also fluctuate, being either soft and barely noticeable or loud enough to interfere with concentration or the perception of external sounds.
The sounds may be constant or intermittent. It can manifest in one ear, both ears, or seem to originate from within the head. Movements of the head, neck, eyes, or touching certain body parts can temporarily alter the perceived sound. Pulsatile tinnitus is a specific type involving rhythmic sounds that often synchronize with one’s heartbeat, frequently described as a whooshing or thumping.
Common Causes
Various factors can contribute to the development of tinnitus. Exposure to loud noise is a frequent cause, as it can damage the delicate hair cells in the inner ear that are responsible for transmitting sound signals to the brain. This damage can lead to the “leakage” of random electrical impulses, which the brain interprets as tinnitus. Age-related hearing loss, known as presbycusis, is another common contributor, as the number of functioning nerve fibers in the ears naturally declines with age.
Blockages in the ear canal, such as those caused by excessive earwax, can trigger tinnitus by changing pressure within the ear or muffling external sounds, making internal noises more prominent. Certain medications are known to be ototoxic, meaning they can cause or worsen tinnitus as a side effect. These include some antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin, certain cancer drugs, and loop diuretics.
Other conditions can play a role. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, affecting the jaw joint located near the ear, have been linked to tinnitus. Meniere’s disease, an inner ear disorder, can cause tinnitus along with balance problems and hearing loss. Psychological factors such as stress and anxiety can either trigger or exacerbate existing tinnitus, making the sounds more noticeable due to increased brain sensitivity.
When to Seek Medical Advice
It is advisable to consult a healthcare professional if tinnitus becomes persistent or worsens over time. Medical attention is important if the sounds are accompanied by other symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, sudden hearing loss, ear pain, or facial weakness. If tinnitus occurs only in one ear, a medical evaluation is recommended.
Pulsatile tinnitus, where the sound beats in time with your pulse, is a specific concern. This type of tinnitus warrants medical assessment because it can indicate underlying vascular issues or other conditions that require treatment. Seeking professional advice is important if tinnitus significantly interferes with daily activities, sleep, or concentration, or if it causes feelings of anxiety or depression.