Nasal congestion, commonly known as a stuffy nose, occurs when the tissues lining the inside of the nose become swollen and inflamed. This swelling often results from irritation, triggering increased mucus production within the nasal passages. When these tissues swell, they can block the nasal airways, making it difficult to breathe through the nose.
Identifying Nasal Congestion
Nasal congestion manifests through various observable and sensory signs. Visually, a person might exhibit swollen nostrils or a runny nose. Mouth breathing becomes common when nasal passages are blocked. Auditory cues include sniffling, noisy breathing, or snoring, particularly during sleep. Changes in voice quality, often sounding muffled or nasal, can also be present.
A sensory experience encompasses a feeling of fullness or pressure in the nose and face. Many describe a sensation of being “stuffed up,” making it challenging to breathe freely. This blockage can lead to discomfort, facial pressure, or headaches. A reduced sense of smell or taste also accompanies congestion. The feeling of nasal congestion can also be a subjective perception of reduced nasal airflow, even without complete physical obstruction.
Underlying Reasons for Congestion
Nasal congestion stems from various sources. Infections, such as the common cold, flu, or sinus infections (sinusitis), are frequent causes. Allergies, including allergic rhinitis or hay fever, lead to congestion when the body reacts to airborne particles like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Exposure to environmental irritants, such as tobacco smoke, strong perfumes, or air pollution, can also irritate the nasal lining.
Certain medical conditions and physiological changes contribute to a stuffy nose. Nonallergic rhinitis causes inflammation and fluid buildup in nasal tissues without an allergic trigger. Enlarged adenoids, glands located behind the nasal passage, can swell and cause congestion, particularly in children. Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during puberty or pregnancy, may also trigger nasal congestion.
When Professional Help is Needed
While most cases of nasal congestion resolve on their own, certain signs indicate a visit to a healthcare professional is advisable. Seek medical attention if congestion persists for more than 10 days. A high or persistent fever accompanying congestion warrants medical evaluation. If mucus from the nose is green or yellow, especially with sinus pain or fever, it may suggest a bacterial sinus infection.
Other concerning symptoms include bloody nasal discharge or clear discharge after a head injury. Severe facial pain or pressure, difficulty breathing, or congestion that interferes significantly with sleep or daily activities suggest the need for professional assessment. For infants, congestion that prevents nursing or bottle-feeding, or is accompanied by signs like rapid breathing, flaring nostrils, or a blue tint to the skin, needs urgent medical attention.