Having enlarged ovaries means that one or both of these reproductive organs are larger than their typical size. The average ovary is about 3 to 5 centimeters long in premenopausal individuals. This increase in size is a physical finding observed during medical examination or imaging, rather than a specific diagnosis in itself. It can be a temporary change, such as during the normal menstrual cycle, or it can indicate an underlying medical condition that requires attention.
Common Causes of Enlarged Ovaries
Ovarian cysts are a frequent reason for ovarian enlargement. Functional cysts, like follicular or corpus luteum cysts, form as part of the normal menstrual cycle and often resolve on their own. Endometriomas, which are cysts filled with old blood, can also cause enlargement and are associated with endometriosis, a condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus. Dermoid cysts (mature teratomas) are another type of benign cyst that can contain various tissues like hair or skin, leading to ovarian swelling.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder characterized by an imbalance of hormones, particularly elevated androgens (male hormones). This imbalance can cause the ovaries to develop multiple small cysts and enlarge. Endometriosis can also cause ovarian enlargement, especially if endometriomas are present. Infections, such as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), can lead to inflammation and swelling of the ovaries and surrounding reproductive organs.
Benign tumors (non-cancerous growths) can also contribute to ovarian enlargement. While less common, ovarian cancer can also manifest as enlarged ovaries. Ovarian cancer is a rare cause of enlargement compared to more frequent benign conditions.
Recognizing Symptoms
Enlarged ovaries can present with a variety of symptoms, though the specific manifestations often depend on the underlying cause. Common symptoms include pelvic pain or discomfort, ranging from a dull ache to sharp, sudden pain, which may be constant or intermittent.
Many individuals also experience:
- Abdominal bloating or a feeling of pressure in the lower abdomen.
- Changes in the menstrual cycle, including irregular periods, unusually heavy bleeding, or increased pain during menstruation.
- Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia).
- An increased urge to urinate or difficulty emptying the bladder completely.
- A feeling of fullness or early satiety, even after eating small amounts of food.
Diagnosis and When to Seek Medical Care
Diagnosis typically begins with a physical examination, including a pelvic exam, where a healthcare provider may feel for abnormalities. Imaging tests are frequently used to confirm ovarian enlargement and identify its cause. A transvaginal ultrasound is the primary method, providing detailed images of the ovaries and surrounding structures. In some cases, a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) scan may be used for further evaluation.
Blood tests also provide valuable information. Hormone levels may be checked, particularly if Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is suspected. Tumor markers, such as CA-125, may also be assessed, though CA-125 levels can be elevated due to various benign conditions and are not a definitive test for ovarian cancer alone.
Seek medical care if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms like ongoing pelvic pain, abdominal bloating, or changes in your menstrual cycle. Immediate medical attention is warranted for sudden, severe pelvic pain, especially if accompanied by fever, dizziness, or rapid, unexplained weight loss. These could indicate a more serious condition like ovarian torsion, a twisting of the ovary that cuts off its blood supply.
Treatment Approaches
Treatment for enlarged ovaries depends on the identified underlying cause. For small, asymptomatic functional cysts, a “watchful waiting” approach is often adopted. This involves monitoring the cyst over time to see if it resolves on its own, which many functional cysts do within a few months.
Medications manage symptoms or address the root cause. Over-the-counter pain relievers alleviate discomfort. Hormonal therapies, such as birth control pills, are frequently prescribed for conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or endometriosis to regulate hormone levels and reduce cyst formation or symptom severity.
Surgical intervention may be necessary. It is typically considered for large cysts, those causing persistent or severe symptoms, or when malignancy is suspected. Procedures range from a cystectomy (removing only the cyst while preserving the ovary) to an oophorectomy (removal of the entire ovary), performed in rare cases or when cancer is confirmed. Lifestyle changes, such as dietary adjustments and regular exercise, also benefit, particularly in managing conditions like PCOS.