Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections spread primarily through sexual contact. These infections are caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites and can affect various areas of the body, extending beyond the genital region. While some STDs present with clear and noticeable indicators, the manifestation of symptoms can differ significantly among individuals. This article describes the common ways STDs can appear and feel in men.
Visible Signs
STDs can manifest through various visible changes on the skin and mucous membranes, particularly in and around the genital area, mouth, or anus. Sores, bumps, or warts are frequent indicators. Herpes infections often present as painful blisters or open sores, typically found on the penis, testicles, around the anus, on the buttocks, thighs, or lips and mouth. Syphilis, in its primary stage, may cause a single, firm, and often painless sore known as a chancre at the site where the bacteria entered the body, such as on the penis, anus, or lips. Human papillomavirus (HPV) can lead to the development of genital warts, which appear as painless, fleshy, cauliflower-like growths on the penis, around the anus, or occasionally in the mouth or throat.
Rashes can also signal an STD, varying in appearance and location. Secondary syphilis can cause rough, red, or reddish-brown rashes that may appear on the body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Syphilis can also produce large gray or white lesions in moist areas like the mouth, anus, armpit, or groin. A disseminated gonococcal infection results in small red spots from bleeding under the skin, or small to large blisters and papules, often appearing on the trunk, limbs, palms, and soles. HIV can cause a rash of flat, discolored patches of skin with small, raised bumps, often accompanied by other general symptoms.
Unusual discharge from the penis is another common visible sign. Chlamydia infections may produce a thin, milky, white, cloudy, watery, or creamy discharge. Gonorrhea causes a thicker, yellowish, greenish, or gray pus-like discharge from the penis. Trichomoniasis can lead to a thin, watery, white discharge from the urethra.
Swelling in certain areas can also indicate an STD. Pain and swelling in one or both testicles can be a symptom of infections like chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis. Swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the groin area, are another sign that can accompany STDs such as herpes, syphilis, or lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).
Other Common Symptoms
Beyond visible signs, men may experience a range of non-visual symptoms that suggest the presence of an STD. Pain or discomfort is a frequent complaint. This can include a burning or painful sensation during urination, commonly associated with chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. Some men might also experience pain during ejaculation, which can occur with chlamydia or trichomoniasis. General pain in the pelvic area or testicles can also be a symptom of certain STDs.
Persistent itching or burning sensations in the genital area are also common. This discomfort can be felt inside the penis or around the genitals and is a symptom reported with infections like herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and HPV.
STDs can cause systemic symptoms that resemble the flu, including fever, fatigue, headaches, and muscle aches. Swollen lymph nodes, especially in the groin, are observed alongside these flu-like symptoms. A persistent sore throat can also indicate an STD, with oral gonorrhea, chlamydia, or syphilis causing throat irritation, pain when swallowing, redness, or white spots.
Understanding Asymptomatic Infections
A significant aspect of STDs is their ability to remain asymptomatic, meaning they show no noticeable signs or symptoms, particularly in their early stages. This lack of visible indicators does not mean an infection is absent or harmless. Individuals who are asymptomatic can still transmit the infection to sexual partners without realizing they are infected. This silent transmission contributes to the ongoing spread of STDs. Regular testing is an important measure for sexually active individuals.
Next Steps and Testing
If any symptoms described are observed, or if there is concern about potential exposure to an STD, consulting a healthcare professional is an important next step. Self-diagnosis is not reliable, as only a healthcare provider can accurately diagnose an STD through proper evaluation and testing. A provider will ask about sexual history, recent symptoms, and potential exposure risks to determine the most appropriate tests.
Various diagnostic methods are available for detecting STDs. Urine samples are commonly used to test for infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. Blood tests can identify infections like HIV, syphilis, hepatitis, and herpes. Swab tests involve collecting samples directly from affected areas, such as the penis, mouth, throat, rectum, or from any visible sores or blisters, to diagnose infections like chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HPV, or trichomoniasis.
Early diagnosis is beneficial for effective treatment and helps prevent further transmission of the infection. Many STDs are treatable with medication, and prompt intervention can prevent more serious health complications. Open and honest communication with sexual partners is also a significant part of managing and preventing the spread of STDs.