An infected cut occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, enter a break in the skin and multiply. The skin acts as a protective barrier, but a cut allows these microorganisms to access deeper, more sensitive tissues. They can originate from the surrounding skin, the environment, or the object that caused the injury. Early recognition of infection signs is important to prevent spread and complications.
Recognizing Common Signs of Infection
Increased redness, known as erythema, is an early sign of an infected cut. This redness often extends beyond the wound’s immediate edges and may darken over time. Swelling, or edema, is also frequently present, appearing as localized puffiness around the wound. This swelling can make the area feel tight.
The infected area may also feel warm to the touch. This warmth results from the body’s immune response fighting microorganisms. Pain, or dolor, is another indicator; while some discomfort is expected with any wound, infection pain often worsens, becomes throbbing, or feels disproportionate to the initial injury. This pain may persist despite over-the-counter medications.
Pus or discharge from the wound is a sign of infection. This fluid is thick, discolored (yellow, green, or brownish), and may have an unpleasant odor. Pus contains dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris, indicating an active fight against the infection.
In more serious cases, red streaks, called lymphangitis, may extend from the wound towards the heart. These streaks indicate the infection is spreading through the lymphatic system, a network of vessels that carry fluid throughout the body. Systemic signs, such as fever (a body temperature greater than 100.4°F or 38°C) and chills, suggest the infection has spread beyond the local wound site.
Distinguishing Infection from Normal Healing
Differentiating between normal healing and infection is important, as initial signs can appear similar. During early wound healing, mild redness, slight swelling, and warmth are expected. This natural inflammatory response increases blood flow to deliver immune cells and nutrients for repair. A small amount of clear or slightly yellowish fluid drainage is common.
The distinction lies in how these signs evolve. In a normally healing wound, initial inflammation gradually improves, and pain lessens daily. Redness stays contained to the immediate wound area and fades within a few days. Swelling also subsides, usually within five days.
Conversely, with an infection, redness increases and spreads, and swelling worsens or persists. Pain intensifies rather than decreases, often developing a throbbing quality. Any discharge becomes thick, discolored, and foul-smelling, unlike the minimal, clear fluid of a healthy wound. A wound that does not show signs of improvement or appears to worsen over time may be infected.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical attention if an infected cut shows certain red flags. If redness, swelling, or pain are increasing, especially if the redness is spreading or darkening, professional assessment is needed. Increasing or foul-smelling pus or discharge also signals a need for medical care.
Systemic symptoms, such as fever (over 100.4°F or 38°C) or chills, indicate the infection may be spreading throughout the body and require immediate attention. The appearance of red streaks extending from the wound, known as lymphangitis, is a serious sign that necessitates urgent medical consultation.
Other situations increasing the risk of serious infection include deep or large cuts, animal bites, or injuries from dirty objects. Individuals with underlying health conditions, such as diabetes or a weakened immune system, are at higher risk for complications and should seek medical advice even for seemingly minor infections. If signs of infection do not improve within a day or two of home care, or if the wound fails to heal as expected, consult a healthcare provider.