Pterygium is a common eye condition characterized by a non-cancerous growth on the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane covering the white part of the eye. This growth is typically benign and does not spread to other parts of the body. It is generally a minor problem unless it begins to affect vision or cause significant discomfort.
Understanding Early Pterygium
An early pterygium appears as a raised, fleshy growth with a triangular or wedge shape. It often has a pinkish or whitish hue and may show visible blood vessels. This growth usually begins on the nasal side of the eye, near the inner corner, and extends horizontally towards the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye. In its initial stages, the pterygium is generally small and confined to the conjunctiva, without significantly encroaching upon the cornea.
What Causes Pterygium
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight is the primary factor linked to pterygium development. This condition is more prevalent in populations closer to the equator and among individuals who spend extensive periods outdoors in sunny, hot climates. Other environmental irritants also contribute to its formation, including prolonged exposure to dust, wind, and dry weather, which can cause chronic eye irritation. Genetic predisposition can also play a role in pterygium development.
Recognizing Symptoms and Progression
In its early stages, a pterygium may not cause noticeable symptoms and might only be observed as a growth on the eye. As it develops, individuals may experience persistent redness, irritation, or a foreign object sensation. Other common sensations include dryness, itchiness, burning, and an increase in tearing. These symptoms can fluctuate, often worsening in dry, hot, or windy environments.
If left unaddressed, a pterygium can progress, increasing in size and extending further across the cornea. Should the growth reach the center of the cornea and cover the pupil, it can significantly impair vision. This progression can lead to blurred vision, double vision, or induced astigmatism, which occurs when the pterygium alters the shape of the cornea. The growth can also cause scarring on the cornea, which might affect vision even after removal.
Managing and Preventing Pterygium
Managing an early pterygium begins with conservative measures, especially if symptoms are mild or absent. Lubricating eye drops, or artificial tears, can help alleviate dryness and irritation by keeping the eye surface moist. For inflammation and swelling, anti-inflammatory eye drops, such as NSAIDs or corticosteroids, can be prescribed for short-term use. If the pterygium continues to grow, causes significant discomfort, or begins to affect vision, surgical removal can be considered.
Preventing pterygium onset or further growth involves protecting the eyes from environmental irritants. Wearing sunglasses that offer UV protection is recommended, particularly wraparound styles that shield the eyes from side light. A wide-brimmed hat also provides further UV protection. Minimizing exposure to dusty, windy, and dry conditions, or using lubricating eye drops in such environments, can help reduce eye irritation and slow progression.