A menstrual period is a regular part of the female reproductive cycle. It involves the monthly shedding of the uterine lining, consisting of blood and tissue, which exits the body through the vagina. This process is regulated by fluctuating hormones and signals that pregnancy has not occurred.
Typical Period Characteristics
A typical period often begins with a bright red flow, indicating fresh blood. As the flow progresses, it can shift to a darker red or brownish hue. The consistency of menstrual blood is usually smooth, though it can be slightly thick. The total volume of blood lost is generally about 2 to 3 tablespoons. Most periods last between two and seven days, with the entire menstrual cycle typically ranging from 21 to 35 days in adults.
Common Variations in Appearance
Variations in blood appearance are common during a single menstrual period. Small blood clots, generally about the size of a dime or a quarter, can appear, especially on heavier flow days. These clots are a normal part of the body’s process to manage heavier bleeding. Stringy discharge, often dark red or brown, usually indicates older blood mixed with uterine tissue. Flow intensity naturally changes throughout the period, often starting heavier and gradually becoming lighter towards the end.
Colors and Their Meanings
The color of menstrual blood provides insights into the flow and its age. Bright red blood is commonly seen at the beginning of a period or on heavier days, signifying fresh, unoxidized blood. Dark red, brown, or even black blood indicates older blood that has taken longer to leave the uterus and has oxidized upon exposure to air. This is frequently observed at the start or end of a period, or upon waking after blood has pooled overnight.
Pink period blood often suggests a lighter flow or that the blood has mixed with cervical fluid, which can dilute its color. It can also be associated with lower estrogen levels. Orange-tinged blood may also result from menstrual blood mixing with cervical fluid. However, orange discharge, especially if accompanied by an unusual odor or itching, could indicate an infection.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Certain changes in period appearance or accompanying symptoms warrant a consultation with a healthcare professional. If you experience blood clots larger than a quarter (about 2.5 centimeters), or are passing numerous large clots, seek medical guidance. Soaking through one or more pads or tampons every one to two hours, or having a period that lasts longer than seven days, are signs of unusually heavy bleeding.
Any sudden and significant changes in your period, such as severe or debilitating pain that interferes with daily activities, should prompt a medical visit. If your period blood appears greyish or greenish, or is accompanied by a foul odor, it could indicate an infection. Bleeding between periods or after sexual activity is also a reason to consult a doctor.