Maggots are the larval stage of flies. While the term “maggot bite” is often used, it’s a misconception; maggots lack mouthparts for biting like a mosquito or tick. Instead, it refers to myiasis, a parasitic infestation where fly larvae burrow into or onto the body after eggs hatch.
Understanding Maggots and Myiasis
Myiasis is a parasitic infestation where fly larvae grow inside a living animal, including humans. They feed on tissue, liquid body substances, or ingested food. This condition is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, though it can occur elsewhere. Maggots typically feed on dead or decaying tissue, but some species, like the human botfly or tumbu fly, require a living host. Others are attracted to decaying matter but can infest living tissue if present.
Myiasis can manifest in several ways, broadly categorized by the affected body part. Cutaneous myiasis involves the skin, while other forms can affect wounds, body cavities, or even internal organs. The specific appearance varies depending on the type of fly larva and where it infests.
Recognizing Signs of Infestation
The visual appearance of a maggot infestation, particularly cutaneous myiasis, is distinct. One common presentation is furuncular myiasis, where a boil-like lesion develops. This lesion typically appears as a red bump that enlarges over time, often resembling a pimple or bug bite. A small opening, or punctum, is usually visible at the center, serving as a breathing hole for the larva.
This central opening may exude clear, yellowish fluid or pus. The tip of the larva might occasionally be seen protruding or withdrawing. Patients often report itching, pain, or a crawling sensation beneath the skin. Mature larvae can range from about 0.5 to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 centimeters) in length.
In cases of wound myiasis, small, moving larvae may be visible within an open wound, accompanied by redness, swelling, and possibly a foul-smelling discharge. The presence of multiple lesions or an inflammatory reaction around the affected area can also indicate an infestation.
Common Sources of Infestation
Humans typically acquire maggot infestations through various environmental exposures. Many myiasis-causing flies are found in tropical and subtropical climates, including the human botfly, tumbu fly, and screwworm fly. These flies have different methods of transferring their larvae or eggs to a host. For instance, some lay eggs directly on other insects, such as mosquitoes, which then transfer them to humans during a bite.
Other species may lay eggs on contaminated soil, vegetation, or damp clothing, from which larvae can hatch and burrow into the skin upon contact. Open wounds, particularly neglected or poorly managed ones, are significant entry points for fly larvae, as flies are attracted to decaying tissue or bodily secretions. Poor hygiene, limited mobility, or exposure to infested animals can also increase the risk of infestation.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Any suspected maggot infestation requires evaluation by a healthcare professional. Early medical attention is important to ensure proper diagnosis and removal of the larvae, which helps prevent complications. Untreated myiasis can lead to severe tissue damage, secondary bacterial infections, and in rare instances, systemic issues.
It is especially important to seek immediate medical care if there is spreading redness around the site, increased pain, or if the infestation is located in sensitive areas such as the eyes, nose, ears, or genitals. Fever or signs of a broader systemic infection, such such as swollen lymph nodes, also warrant prompt medical consultation. A healthcare provider can safely remove the larvae and provide appropriate wound care.