Squirrels are a common sight in many backyards and parks, known for their agile movements and diligent foraging. Understanding what these active rodents eat and drink is important for appreciating their role in ecosystems and for ensuring their well-being. Their dietary habits are varied, adapting to the changing seasons and available resources.
Natural Diet
In their natural habitats, squirrels are omnivorous, consuming both plant and animal matter. Their diet primarily consists of nuts, such as acorns, walnuts, pecans, and hickory nuts, which they often bury for later consumption. Seeds, including sunflower and pine seeds, are also a regular food source. They also forage for fruits like berries, apples, grapes, and cherries, especially when in season.
Vegetables like broccoli, carrots, squash, and zucchini are also part of their diet. Fungi, such as mushrooms and truffles, also contribute. Tree parts like buds, bark, and sap are consumed, particularly in early spring when other food sources may be scarce. While primarily plant-based, squirrels supplement their diet with animal matter, which can include insects, bird eggs, or even small nestlings for protein.
Hydration Needs
Squirrels get water from their diet and direct environmental sources. They obtain water from moisture-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, and fungi. This dietary intake can sometimes provide all the hydration they need, especially when succulent foods are abundant.
When dietary moisture is insufficient, squirrels drink from natural sources such as puddles, dew on leaves and grass, streams, and ponds. In urban settings, they may also utilize bird baths or water dishes left out for pets. Access to external water sources becomes more important during dry periods, hot weather, or when their primary food sources are drier, such as nuts in the fall.
Safe Foods to Offer
Certain items are safe to offer squirrels as a supplement to their natural diet. Unsalted nuts, especially in their shells, are a good option, including pecans, walnuts, and almonds. These provide beneficial fats and proteins, and the act of opening the shell helps maintain dental health. Seeds like pumpkin seeds and unsalted sunflower seeds can also be offered in moderation.
Fresh fruits like apples, berries, and grapes are safe, but should be given sparingly due to their sugar content. Vegetables like carrots, corn (fresh or cooked, in moderation), and leafy greens are also suitable. Any human-provided food must be raw, unsalted, and free of seasonings or processing. These foods should only be offered as occasional treats and not replace their diverse natural foraging habits.
Foods to Avoid
Many common human foods are harmful to squirrels and should never be offered. Salted nuts and processed foods, including chips and pretzels, can lead to dehydration and other serious health issues due to high sodium content. Chocolate is toxic because it contains theobromine, a stimulant squirrels cannot metabolize effectively, potentially causing tremors and seizures. Candy and other sugary snacks offer little nutritional value and can lead to weight gain and dental problems.
Peanuts, while commonly associated with squirrels, are not ideal; they are legumes, not true nuts, and can harbor harmful mold (aflatoxins) that may affect liver health. Raw peanuts also contain a trypsin inhibitor that can hinder protein absorption. Cashews are high in phosphorus, which can disrupt calcium balance and potentially lead to calcium deficiency over time. Dairy products are problematic as squirrels have difficulty digesting them, causing stomach discomfort. Additionally, avocado contains persin, a fungicidal toxin harmful to squirrels.