Moths represent a diverse group of insects, with a wide array of dietary habits that vary significantly across species and during different life stages. From those that sip sweet liquids to others that consume more unusual fare, understanding what moths eat involves exploring the distinct nutritional needs of both their adult and larval forms.
Adult Moth Feeding Habits
Adult moths primarily seek liquids for energy, which fuels their flight and reproductive activities. Many species are nectar feeders, using a long, tube-like mouthpart called a proboscis to sip nectar from flowers, much like a straw. This proboscis is typically coiled when not in use and can extend to reach deep into blossoms. Beyond nectar, some adult moths also consume tree sap, the sugary juices from ripe or fermenting fruits, or even honeydew, a sugary waste product from other insects like aphids. Certain moths may also feed on pollen or liquid from decaying organic matter.
Conversely, some adult moth species do not feed at all. These moths, such as the Luna moth and Atlas moth, lack functional mouthparts in their adult stage. They rely entirely on the energy reserves accumulated during their larval stage to survive their brief adult lives, which are dedicated solely to reproduction.
The Voracious Appetites of Moth Larvae
The larval stage of moths, commonly known as caterpillars, is typically the primary feeding stage, where they consume significant amounts of food for growth and development. Most caterpillars are herbivorous, feeding on various plant parts, including leaves, stems, and other plant matter. Their chewing mouthparts are well-suited for processing plant material.
Caterpillars can be either highly specialized or generalist feeders. Specialized caterpillars may only consume specific host plants, such as silkworm moths that feed exclusively on mulberry leaves, or elephant hawk moth caterpillars that favor fuchsia and willowherb. Other caterpillars are generalists, capable of eating a wide variety of plant species.
Beyond the Usual: Specialized Moth Diets
While many moths adhere to plant-based diets, some species exhibit highly specialized feeding habits. Clothes moths, for example, larvae consume keratin, a protein found in natural fibers like wool, silk, fur, and leather. These larvae can digest materials that other scavengers cannot, damaging garments and textiles.
Pantry moths, a common household pest, have larvae that feed on stored dry goods. Their diet includes grains, flour, cereal, nuts, dried fruits, and chocolate. These moths often enter homes through infested food products. Some moth larvae consume fungi, detritus, or other insects. There are rare instances of adult moths with proboscises adapted to pierce animal hides and consume blood.