Understanding Nabothian Cysts
Nabothian cysts are small, fluid-filled bumps that commonly appear on the surface of the cervix. They are very common and are generally considered harmless. These cysts are benign, not cancerous, and do not increase the risk of developing cervical cancer. They typically appear as small, smooth, rounded bumps, yellowish or whitish in color, and are usually an incidental finding during a routine gynecological examination.
How Nabothian Cysts Form
The cervix is lined by different types of cells, including squamous cells on the outer surface and glandular cells that produce mucus within the cervical canal. The area where these two cell types meet is known as the transformation zone, a dynamic area where cell changes naturally occur.
Nabothian cysts form when new squamous cells grow over and cover the openings of the mucus-producing glandular cells. This overgrowth traps the mucus inside the glands, blocking its release. As the mucus continues to accumulate, it causes the gland to swell and form a cyst.
This process is a normal physiological response, often occurring as part of the cervix’s natural remodeling. Inflammation or minor trauma to the cervical surface can also contribute to the blockage of these glandular ducts. The trapped fluid is simply mucus, which expands the gland into a noticeable bump.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Nabothian cysts are typically asymptomatic, meaning they do not cause noticeable symptoms. They are most often discovered incidentally during routine pelvic examinations, such as a Pap test. Many individuals are unaware they have them due to their benign nature and lack of symptoms.
In rare instances, if a Nabothian cyst grows unusually large, it might cause a feeling of pressure in the pelvis or light spotting. However, most cysts remain small. Diagnosis is usually made visually by a healthcare provider during a pelvic exam. Further tests, like a colposcopy or biopsy, are generally not needed unless the cyst’s appearance is atypical.
Management and When to Seek Care
Treatment for Nabothian cysts is rarely necessary because they are benign and typically do not cause any problems. Most cysts resolve on their own or remain stable without intervention. Healthcare providers usually adopt a “watch and wait” approach, monitoring them during routine check-ups.
In very rare cases, if a cyst becomes exceptionally large, causes discomfort, or interferes with the ability to perform a Pap test accurately, a doctor might consider intervention. Procedures such as draining the cyst, or using techniques like excision, cryotherapy (freezing), or electrocautery (heat) to remove it, are uncommon. These interventions are only considered when the cysts cause significant issues.
Individuals should seek medical attention if they experience new or unusual symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, changes in discharge, or persistent pelvic pain. While these symptoms are generally not related to Nabothian cysts, they warrant evaluation by a healthcare professional to determine their underlying cause.