A COPD flare-up, or exacerbation, is a sudden worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms. These episodes exceed typical daily variations, causing increased difficulty breathing, more frequent coughing, and changes in mucus. Understanding their causes is important for managing COPD.
Respiratory Infections
Respiratory infections commonly cause COPD flare-ups. Both viral and bacterial infections can trigger these episodes. Viral infections, such as the common cold, influenza (flu), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), inflame the airways, leading to increased mucus, coughing, and shortness of breath.
Bacterial infections, including pneumonia and bacterial bronchitis, can also cause severe exacerbations. These infections further inflame and irritate the already compromised airways. The body’s response to these pathogens can lead to increased airway swelling, bronchospasm, and excessive sputum, making breathing more challenging.
Preventative measures, such as vaccinations, help reduce the risk of infection-induced flare-ups. Annual flu vaccinations are recommended. Pneumonia vaccines help guard against common bacterial causes of pneumonia. Additionally, COVID-19 and RSV vaccines are important for individuals with COPD, as these viruses can cause severe respiratory illness and trigger exacerbations.
Air Pollution and Irritants
Air pollution and various irritants can significantly affect respiratory health in individuals with COPD. Outdoor air pollution, such as smog and fine particulate matter from vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions, contains tiny particles that penetrate deep into the lungs. Exposure to these pollutants leads to increased airway inflammation and constriction, making breathing harder.
Indoor air quality also plays a role. Secondhand smoke is a well-known irritant that can exacerbate lung inflammation and lead to flare-ups. Other common indoor irritants include dust, fumes from household cleaning products, chemical vapors, and strong perfumes. Smoke from fireplaces or wood-burning stoves can also introduce harmful particles, further irritating the airways. Reducing exposure to these triggers helps reduce COPD flare-ups.
Allergic Reactions
Allergic reactions can contribute to COPD flare-ups, especially in those with a history of allergies or asthma. Exposure to common allergens provokes an immune response that leads to airway inflammation. This reaction can mimic or worsen existing COPD symptoms, potentially triggering an exacerbation.
Common allergens affecting individuals with COPD include pollen, mold spores, dust mites, and pet dander. When sensitive individuals inhale these substances, their airways become irritated and constricted. This response results in increased coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, characteristic signs of a flare-up. Identifying and avoiding specific allergens is a helpful strategy for those whose COPD symptoms are affected by allergic triggers.
Medication Non-Adherence and Other Factors
Consistent adherence to prescribed medications is important for managing COPD and reducing flare-ups. Inconsistently taking maintenance medications, such as bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, can lead to uncontrolled symptoms and increased susceptibility to exacerbations. These medications keep airways open and reduce inflammation, with regular use helping maintain lung function.
Beyond medication adherence, several other factors can contribute to COPD flare-ups. Significant weather changes, like extreme cold or high humidity, can irritate airways and make breathing more difficult. Severe emotional stress can also indirectly affect respiratory health, potentially leading to physiological changes that precede a flare-up. Addressing these factors, alongside consistent medication use, helps reduce COPD exacerbations.