Aquatic nuisance species (ANS) pose a significant threat to water bodies worldwide, impacting ecosystems, economies, and recreational activities. These non-native organisms spread rapidly once introduced, becoming difficult to manage. Understanding how individuals can prevent their spread is crucial for protecting aquatic resources. This article outlines practical measures everyone can take to safeguard waterways from ANS.
Understanding Aquatic Nuisance Species
Aquatic nuisance species, also known as aquatic invasive species, are organisms introduced to an area outside their natural range that cause harm. These species can include plants, animals, algae, or microorganisms that disrupt the ecological balance of inland, estuarine, or marine waters. They are problematic because they often lack natural predators in new environments, allowing populations to grow unchecked. This unchecked growth can lead to negative impacts on the environment, economy, and human health.
ANS can outcompete native species for food and habitat, leading to a reduction in biodiversity and potentially causing local extinctions. Beyond ecological damage, they can also affect recreational activities like fishing, swimming, and boating by clogging waterways or impacting fish populations. Economic consequences can be substantial, including damage to infrastructure such as water pipes, power stations, and aquaculture operations, alongside increased costs for control and monitoring efforts. Introduction pathways for ANS are diverse, including human actions like aquarium releases, hitchhiking on boats, or improper disposal of bait.
Actions for Watercraft Users
Watercraft users play a considerable role in preventing the spread of aquatic nuisance species, as boats, trailers, and associated gear can easily transport these organisms between water bodies. The “Clean, Drain, Dry” protocol is a foundational strategy for preventing this spread. This method involves thoroughly inspecting and preparing equipment before moving from one water body to another.
The first step, “Clean,” requires removing all visible aquatic plants, animals, and mud from the watercraft, trailer, and any gear like fishing lines, nets, or waders. This cleaning should occur before leaving the water access point, and any removed debris should be disposed of away from the water. Rinsing equipment and boat hulls with high-pressure or hot water, ideally around 120°F, can help eliminate smaller organisms. Flushing interior compartments and motors with hot water is also recommended to ensure no hidden species remain.
The “Drain” step involves removing all water from the boat and equipment, including the motor, bilge, and livewells, before leaving the access area. Many jurisdictions require drain plugs to be removed during transport. The final step, “Dry,” emphasizes allowing all parts of the watercraft, trailer, and gear to dry completely. A drying period of at least five days is recommended, as some species can survive out of water for extended periods. If full drying isn’t possible, thoroughly wiping down all surfaces with a towel helps reduce risk.
Actions for Other Water Activities
Individuals participating in water-related activities beyond traditional boating and fishing also have a role in preventing ANS spread. Responsible practices by aquarium and water garden owners are important, as accidental or intentional release of non-native plants and animals can introduce new species into natural waterways. Avoid dumping aquarium contents, including water, plants, and animals, into any natural water body. Instead, dispose of unwanted aquatic plants in the trash and never release pets like goldfish or turtles into local ponds or lakes, as they can outcompete native species and disrupt ecosystems.
Proper disposal of live bait is another preventative measure. Unused live bait, worms, and fish parts should be discarded in the trash, not released into the water or nearby land. If keeping live bait, drain the container and replace the water with spring or dechlorinated tap water before moving. Gear used in contact with water and mud, such as hiking boots, waders, and off-road vehicles, can transport microscopic organisms or plant fragments. Cleaning these items thoroughly and allowing them to dry before moving to a different aquatic environment helps prevent unintended transfers. Preventing the escape of non-native species from private ponds into natural waterways also contributes to broader ANS prevention efforts.
What to Do When You Spot Them
If you suspect you have encountered an aquatic nuisance species, knowing how to respond properly is important. The first step involves identifying the organism and noting its exact location. Taking photographs can be very helpful for identification purposes. Avoid disturbing or moving the suspected nuisance species, as this can inadvertently contribute to its further spread.
Contacting local or state natural resource agencies, such as the Department of Fish and Wildlife or an Aquatic Nuisance Species Program, is the appropriate action. These agencies have established protocols for reporting and managing new sightings. Reporting allows experts to assess the situation, confirm identification, and implement rapid response measures if necessary. Community involvement through local monitoring programs or educational initiatives is also encouraged, as citizen scientists can contribute valuable data for early detection and ongoing vigilance against these species.