Vocal fold lesions are growths or changes that develop on the vocal folds, impacting their ability to vibrate and produce clear sound. These vocal folds, often referred to as vocal cords, are two bands of smooth muscle located within the larynx, or voice box. They are essential for voice production, enabling speaking, singing, and other vocal sounds. When healthy, these folds meet and vibrate smoothly as air passes through, but lesions can disrupt this process.
Common Types of Vocal Fold Lesions
Vocal nodules are often described as callus-like growths. They typically form on both vocal folds, usually at the midpoint where the folds experience the most impact during voice use. Nodules can impair vocal fold vibration, leading to difficulties with voice.
Vocal polyps generally occur on only one vocal fold. They can vary in shape and size, sometimes appearing blister-like or as a denser growth on a small stalk. The impact of polyps on the voice can differ significantly depending on their specific characteristics and location.
Vocal cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop deeper within the vocal fold tissue. These are less common than nodules or polyps and can form if a mucous-secreting gland beneath the vocal fold’s surface becomes plugged. Granulomas are inflammatory growths that can develop on the vocal folds, often at the back near the arytenoid cartilages.
Why Lesions Occur and How They Sound
Vocal fold lesions often develop due to vocal misuse or abuse, such as speaking in an improper pitch, yelling, or excessive voice use. Chronic irritation from conditions like acid reflux, specifically laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) where stomach acid travels up to the throat, can also lead to lesions. Other factors include smoking, chronic coughing, and infections.
When lesions are present, individuals experience symptoms affecting voice quality and effort. Hoarseness, a common symptom, can manifest as a raspy, breathy, or strained voice. People might also notice vocal fatigue or a reduced vocal range. Discomfort or pain in the throat area can also accompany these voice changes.
Identifying and Addressing Lesions
Diagnosing vocal fold lesions typically involves an evaluation by a medical professional specializing in voice disorders. A key diagnostic procedure is laryngoscopy, where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is used to visualize the vocal folds and identify any abnormalities.
Videostroboscopy is often used in conjunction with laryngoscopy to provide a detailed view of vocal fold vibration. This technique uses a flashing light synchronized with the vocal fold’s vibratory cycle, making their rapid movement appear in slow motion. This allows for precise assessment of how lesions affect vocal fold vibration.
Treatment approaches for vocal fold lesions vary depending on the type and severity. Voice therapy, conducted by a speech-language pathologist, is a common non-surgical intervention. It focuses on teaching proper vocal technique and reducing vocal misuse to resolve lesions and prevent recurrence. Medications, such as those for managing acid reflux, may be prescribed if underlying conditions contribute. In some cases, if conservative treatments are not effective or the lesion is large, surgical removal may be recommended.
Protecting Your Vocal Health
Maintaining good vocal hygiene is important for preventing vocal fold lesions. Adequate hydration, by drinking plenty of water, helps keep the vocal folds lubricated for efficient vibration. Avoiding vocal strain, such as yelling, screaming, or excessive talking, can reduce physical stress on the vocal folds.
Managing conditions like acid reflux through dietary adjustments or medication can also prevent irritation that might lead to lesions. Limiting exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke and excessive alcohol consumption is important, as these substances can dry out and inflame vocal fold tissues. If any voice changes persist for more than two weeks, seeking professional medical evaluation is advisable to address potential issues early.