Skin cancer, often referred to as “sun cancer,” results primarily from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or tanning beds. This radiation can damage skin cells, leading to uncontrolled growth. Recognizing common symptoms of these skin cancers is important for early detection and timely consultation with a healthcare professional.
Major Types of Skin Cancer
Three main types of skin cancer are linked to sun exposure: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), and Melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed form, typically slow-growing and originating in the basal cells beneath the skin’s surface. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type, developing in the squamous cells that form the skin’s outer layer. Melanoma, though less common, is considered the most serious due to its potential to spread rapidly to other parts of the body.
Recognizing Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) frequently appears on sun-exposed areas like the face, head, and neck. It can manifest as a shiny, pearly, or waxy bump, sometimes with tiny visible blood vessels. On brown or black skin, these bumps may appear brown or glossy black with a rolled border. BCC can also present as a flat, scar-like lesion, which may be white or waxy with poorly defined borders. Another common presentation is a red, scaly patch that may crust, itch, or bleed, persisting for weeks or appearing to heal and then returning.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) often develops on sun-exposed skin, including the face, ears, neck, hands, and arms, but can also occur on scars or chronic sores. It may present as a firm, red nodule that can vary in color based on skin tone. SCC can also present as a flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface that may bleed or form an open sore. These growths might feel rough or appear wart-like, sometimes developing on existing scars or birthmarks.
Identifying Melanoma
Melanoma, the most serious form of skin cancer, often presents with specific characteristics summarized by the “ABCDE” rule.
Asymmetry: One half of the mole or lesion does not match the other half in shape.
Border irregularity: Edges are ragged, notched, blurred, or uneven, unlike the smooth borders of common moles.
Color variation: Displays different shades of tan, brown, or black, and sometimes patches of red, white, or blue.
Diameter: Exceeding 6 millimeters, roughly the size of a pencil eraser, although melanomas can sometimes be smaller.
Evolving: Any change in the mole’s size, shape, color, or elevation over time.
Other changes to look for include new symptoms like bleeding, itching, or crusting. Melanoma can appear as a new mole or spot, or a change in an existing one, and can develop anywhere on the body, including areas not typically exposed to the sun, such as the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, or under fingernails.
When to Consult a Doctor
It is advisable to consult a healthcare professional, preferably a dermatologist, if any new or suspicious skin growth is observed. Seek medical attention for any changes in an existing mole or lesion that align with the “ABCDE” rule, such as asymmetry, irregular borders, varied color, increasing diameter, or evolution in appearance. Any sore that does not heal within a few weeks should also prompt a doctor’s visit. Regularly examining your skin can help you become familiar with your normal skin patterns and identify any changes promptly.