Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder impacting the large intestine. It is characterized by a collection of symptoms affecting the digestive system, which can significantly interfere with daily life. IBS is a chronic condition requiring ongoing management.
Primary Abdominal Symptoms
Abdominal pain or cramping is a primary symptom of IBS, often lessening after a bowel movement. This pain can be described in various ways, including sharp, burning, or a feeling of distention or fullness. The discomfort can be widespread across the lower abdomen or localized.
Bloating and gas are also frequently reported, leading to uncomfortable fullness and swelling in the abdomen. Changes in bowel habits are another hallmark of IBS, including alterations in stool appearance and frequency. This can manifest as either diarrhea, constipation, or a fluctuating pattern between the two. Mucus in the stool and a sensation of incomplete bowel emptying after a movement can also occur.
Different IBS Subtypes and Their Symptoms
IBS is classified into subtypes based on the predominant bowel habit. These classifications help describe the specific pattern of symptoms. IBS with Constipation (IBS-C) is characterized by hard, lumpy stools for a majority of bowel movements. Individuals with IBS-C may experience abdominal pain and discomfort alongside infrequent bowel movements, often feeling as though they cannot fully empty their bowels.
Conversely, IBS with Diarrhea (IBS-D) involves frequent loose or watery stools. People with IBS-D often experience an urgent need to have a bowel movement and may have more than ten bowel movements per week during flare-ups.
The third subtype is IBS with Mixed Bowel Habits (IBS-M), where individuals experience both hard, lumpy stools and loose, watery stools, sometimes even within the same bowel movement. Bloating is particularly common in IBS-M compared to other subtypes.
Common Non-Digestive Symptoms
Beyond digestive symptoms, individuals with IBS often experience other issues that can significantly impact their well-being. Fatigue is a common complaint, leaving many feeling a lack of energy. Sleep disturbances, such as difficulty sleeping, are also frequently reported.
Mental health conditions like anxiety and depression commonly co-occur with IBS, contributing to a reduced quality of life. Other associated symptoms include headaches, such as migraines, and musculoskeletal pain conditions like fibromyalgia. Some individuals may also experience backache or issues with urination, such as frequent urges or a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying.
When Symptoms Warrant Medical Attention
While IBS is common, certain symptoms are not typical and warrant immediate medical evaluation. These “red flag” symptoms suggest a more serious underlying condition. Unexplained weight loss is a significant concern. The presence of blood in the stool, whether bright red or black and tarry, is another serious sign.
Persistent vomiting or difficulty swallowing also require prompt medical assessment. If symptoms awaken you from sleep, this is considered an “alarm” symptom not typically associated with IBS. The new onset of IBS-like symptoms in older adults, particularly those over 50, should also be investigated by a healthcare provider.