Gastric cardia cancer is a type of stomach cancer that starts in the cardia, the upper part of the stomach closest to the esophagus. This cancer originates in the mucus-producing cells lining the stomach. Nearly all stomach cancers, including those of the cardia, are adenocarcinomas.
Understanding the Gastric Cardia
The gastric cardia is a distinct region of the stomach, located at the junction where the esophagus meets the stomach. It contains the gastroesophageal sphincter, which functions as a one-way valve, allowing food to pass into the stomach while preventing stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus. This area also contains specialized cardiac glands that secrete mucus, which helps protect the stomach lining from acid.
A tumor in this area can interfere with food passage and contribute to acid reflux symptoms. This explains why certain symptoms may arise relatively early in gastric cardia cancer.
Common Symptoms of Gastric Cardia Cancer
Difficulty swallowing, known as dysphagia, is a frequently observed symptom. This occurs when a growing tumor obstructs or narrows the passage between the esophagus and stomach, making it harder for food to move down.
Unexplained weight loss is another common indicator, resulting from reduced appetite, difficulty eating, or poor nutrient absorption. Persistent heartburn or acid reflux-like symptoms, which may not respond to typical medications, can also occur. This is because a tumor near the gastroesophageal junction can disrupt the sphincter’s function, allowing stomach acid to irritate the esophagus.
Upper abdominal pain or discomfort, usually located above the navel, is a possible symptom. This pain can range from vague discomfort to a more persistent ache. Individuals may also experience early satiety, feeling full quickly after consuming only a small amount of food. This sensation can arise if the tumor reduces the stomach’s capacity or affects its ability to process food.
Symptoms of Advanced Gastric Cardia Cancer
As gastric cardia cancer progresses, symptoms can become more pronounced. Severe or persistent vomiting may occur, particularly if the tumor causes a blockage that prevents food from passing through the digestive system. This can be accompanied by blood in the vomit (hematemesis) or dark, tarry stools (melena), signaling bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract.
Anemia, characterized by low red blood cell counts, is frequent in advanced stages. This can stem from chronic blood loss from the tumor, impaired iron absorption, or issues with vitamin B12 absorption. Fatigue and weakness often accompany anemia, impacting daily activities.
If the cancer spreads, specific symptoms may emerge. Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, can indicate spread to the liver. Abdominal swelling, known as ascites, may develop if cancer cells spread to the lining of the abdominal cavity, causing fluid accumulation.
When to Consult a Doctor
Consult a healthcare professional if you experience persistent, worsening, or new onset of any mentioned symptoms. Unexplained weight loss, difficulty swallowing, or persistent heartburn not improving with over-the-counter remedies warrant medical evaluation. While many symptoms can be attributed to less serious conditions, timely assessment helps determine the underlying cause.
Seeking medical advice is important for proper diagnosis and management. A healthcare provider can conduct necessary tests to accurately identify the issue. Early detection of gastric cardia cancer can lead to more effective treatment outcomes.
Diagnosing Gastric Cardia Cancer
The diagnostic process typically begins with a physical examination and a review of medical history, including symptoms. If gastric cardia cancer is suspected, an upper endoscopy, also known as esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), is a primary diagnostic tool. During this procedure, a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine.
Suspicious areas observed during the endoscopy are biopsied, meaning small tissue samples are collected and examined under a microscope for cancer cells. To determine the extent and spread of the cancer, imaging tests such as CT scans, PET scans, and endoscopic ultrasounds may be performed. Blood tests can also provide information about organ function and may indicate if the cancer has spread.