Amniotic fluid is a protective liquid that surrounds a developing fetus throughout pregnancy. It cushions the baby from impacts, maintains temperature, and supports the development of lungs, digestive system, and muscles through movement and fluid intake. When the amount of this fluid falls below expected levels for the gestational age, the condition is known as oligohydramnios, which warrants medical attention.
Observable Indicators
A pregnant person might notice several signs that could suggest lower-than-normal amniotic fluid levels. A common indication is a noticeable decrease in the frequency or intensity of fetal movements, such as kicks. When less fluid is present, the space available for the fetus to move around becomes restricted, leading to reduced activity.
Another observable sign can be a sensation that the uterus measures smaller than anticipated for the current stage of pregnancy, or a slower-than-expected weight gain. Fluid leaking from the vagina is also a possible symptom, which might present as a slow trickle or a sudden gush of clear, watery fluid. Any of these observations warrant immediate consultation with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation.
Potential Contributing Factors
Low amniotic fluid can arise from various underlying conditions. A common reason is the premature rupture of membranes (PROM), where the amniotic sac breaks before labor begins, allowing fluid to leak out. Placental problems, such as inadequate placental function, can also contribute to reduced fluid volume.
Maternal health conditions, including chronic high blood pressure or diabetes, can contribute to oligohydramnios. Dehydration in the pregnant individual can also influence fluid levels. Fetal conditions affecting the kidneys or urinary tract can also reduce the baby’s urine production, a key component of amniotic fluid after 20 weeks.
Clinical Detection
Healthcare professionals identify low amniotic fluid through an ultrasound examination. This imaging technique allows for direct visualization and measurement of the fluid surrounding the fetus. Two common methods used for this assessment are the Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) and the Maximum Vertical Pocket (MVP) measurements.
For the AFI, the uterus is conceptually divided into four quadrants, and the deepest vertical pocket of fluid in each section is measured and then added together. An AFI value less than 5 centimeters indicates oligohydramnios. The MVP method measures the single deepest pocket of fluid; less than 2 centimeters suggests low fluid.
Medical Management and Care
Once low amniotic fluid is diagnosed, medical management focuses on monitoring and supportive care. Increased surveillance often involves frequent ultrasounds to track fluid levels and fetal growth, along with non-stress tests to assess the baby’s well-being. Maternal hydration, through increased oral fluid intake or intravenous fluids, may be recommended to help increase amniotic fluid levels.
In some cases, a procedure called amnioinfusion might be performed, especially during labor. This involves introducing a sterile saline solution into the uterus to replenish the fluid, which can help cushion the umbilical cord and support fetal heart rate. The timing of delivery is also a consideration, particularly if the fluid levels are severely low or if the pregnancy is near full term, to avoid potential complications. Consulting a healthcare provider is important for a personalized care plan and to address any concerns.