With the increasing legalization and social acceptance of cannabis, many expectant parents have questions about its safety during pregnancy. A growing number of pregnant women report using marijuana, sometimes to manage symptoms like nausea. This has led to a need for clear information about how the substance can affect both the developing fetus and the pregnant person.
How Cannabis Reaches the Fetus
When a pregnant person uses cannabis, whether by smoking, vaping, or ingesting it, the active compounds are absorbed into their bloodstream. The primary psychoactive component, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can cross the placental barrier. The placenta is an organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby but does not filter out all potentially harmful substances.
Consequently, THC enters the fetal circulation, exposing the developing baby to its effects. Research indicates that a fetus is exposed to approximately 10 percent of the THC that the mother consumes. These chemicals are also stored in body fat and are released slowly, meaning the fetus can be exposed long after the mother’s last use.
This exposure is significant because THC interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which plays a part in regulating brain development. Fetal cannabinoid receptors begin to form as early as the first trimester. The introduction of external cannabinoids like THC can interfere with the signaling required for normal neurological formation, forming the basis for potential health issues.
Immediate Risks for the Newborn
Research has linked cannabis use during pregnancy to several health issues for newborns. One of the most reported findings is an increased risk of low birth weight, defined as weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces at birth. Studies have also shown a greater likelihood of premature birth (delivery before 37 weeks of gestation) and being small for gestational age.
These outcomes are concerning because low birth weight and prematurity can lead to immediate health challenges for a newborn, who may require admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Some studies have also found that prenatal cannabis exposure may be associated with an increased chance of stillbirth.
Major health organizations, including the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), advise against using marijuana during pregnancy due to these findings. Some newborns exposed to marijuana may also exhibit temporary symptoms after birth, such as jitteriness, irritability, and abnormal sleep patterns.
Long-Term Effects on Child Development
The consequences of prenatal cannabis exposure may not be apparent at birth and can emerge as a child grows. This exposure can impact cognitive functions and behavior throughout childhood and adolescence. Studies have followed children exposed to cannabis in utero and found higher rates of difficulty with memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.
By the time these children reach school age, they may experience challenges with academic performance, including lower scores in math and spelling. Behavioral issues have also been noted, with some studies reporting increased hyperactivity, impulsivity, and aggression. These challenges can affect a child’s ability to learn and interact with others.
As these children enter their teenage years, some studies have found a higher likelihood of engaging in delinquent behaviors and an increased risk for substance use themselves. There may also be a greater chance of developing mental health conditions such as depression. These findings suggest that interference with early brain development can have lasting implications.
Impact on the Pregnant Person
The focus on fetal health often overshadows the direct effects cannabis use can have on the pregnant person. Marijuana use can lead to health complications for the mother, distinct from the risks to the baby. For example, it can cause a decrease in blood pressure and an increase in heart rate, leading to dizziness, which elevates the risk of falls.
Cannabis use during pregnancy has also been associated with an increased risk of anemia, a condition where the blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells. Cognitive effects such as confusion and forgetfulness have also been reported by some pregnant individuals who use marijuana.
Furthermore, smoking any substance, including cannabis, can impact respiratory health. While some people use marijuana to manage anxiety, it is not a recommended treatment for mental health concerns during pregnancy. Safer alternatives like counseling and specific medications are available.
Guidance for Expectant Parents
For individuals who are using cannabis and are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, it is never too late to stop. Quitting at any point during pregnancy can improve health outcomes for both the parent and the child. The most important step is to communicate openly with a trusted healthcare provider.
Discussing cannabis use with an OB-GYN, family doctor, or midwife allows for personalized and non-judgmental care. These professionals can provide accurate information and help find safe alternatives for managing symptoms that prompted the marijuana use, such as nausea or anxiety.
Healthcare providers can also connect expectant parents with resources and support systems to help them quit. This collaborative approach ensures that both the pregnant person and their baby receive the best possible care throughout the pregnancy. Seeking professional guidance is a proactive step toward a healthier pregnancy.