Terpenes are aromatic compounds found widely in plants, including common ones like pine, lavender, and citrus fruits, as well as cannabis. These natural substances are responsible for the distinctive scents and flavors of various botanicals. While terpenes are often incorporated into consumer products for their pleasant aromas and tastes, their natural origin does not exempt them from potential side effects. Understanding these possible reactions is important for safe use.
Side Effects from Inhalation
Inhaling concentrated terpenes, such as through vaping, aromatherapy diffusers, or smoking, can lead to respiratory irritation. Symptoms may include coughing, a sore throat, or shortness of breath. Headaches or dizziness may also occur with high concentrations. Certain terpenes, like pinene and linalool, have been associated with respiratory symptoms and nasal congestion in some individuals.
Strong aromas or volatile compounds can particularly irritate the developing respiratory systems of infants and young children, making them more susceptible. High heat from methods like vaping can alter terpene chemical structures, potentially creating more irritating or harmful compounds. Using terpene products in well-ventilated areas is advisable to minimize concentrated exposure.
Side Effects from Topical Application
Skin contact with concentrated terpenes, such as undiluted essential oils, can result in adverse reactions. Allergic contact dermatitis is a common issue, manifesting as redness, itching, burning, or rashes. Certain terpenes, such as limonene, linalool, and caryophyllene, have been linked to inducing contact dermatitis. These reactions are more likely when terpenes have oxidized due to air exposure, as their oxidation products can act as allergens.
Some terpenes, particularly those found in citrus, can also cause photosensitivity. This means skin exposed to these terpenes may react abnormally to sunlight, causing a rash or sunburn-like reaction. To minimize topical side effects, dilute essential oils or terpene isolates with a carrier oil before skin application. Wearing gloves can further prevent direct skin exposure to pure terpenes.
Side Effects from Ingestion
Consuming terpenes, whether in cannabis edibles, tinctures, or as food additives, can lead to gastrointestinal distress. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach upset. These reactions are more likely with high concentrations or without proper dilution. For instance, certain monoterpenes, like those found in pine oil, have been associated with hemorrhagic gastritis, characterized by stomach pain and bleeding, when ingested.
While considered safe in natural food amounts, very high, concentrated doses may lead to systemic effects beyond digestive issues. Specific systemic concerns vary by terpene, but some highly concentrated forms can relax blood vessel walls, potentially causing low blood pressure and dizziness. Adhere to recommended dosages and consult healthcare professionals before ingesting concentrated terpene products.
Factors That Increase Risk of Side Effects
Terpene side effect likelihood and severity are influenced by several factors beyond exposure method. Dosage and concentration play a significant role; risk increases with higher concentrations and larger amounts. Undiluted or pure terpenes are more likely to cause irritation or toxicity than those found naturally or in properly diluted products.
Purity and source also affect safety, as contaminants like pesticides or solvents can influence reactions. Synthetic terpenes may also behave differently than natural ones, potentially introducing unforeseen risks. Individual sensitivity is another factor; people with pre-existing conditions like asthma, skin allergies, or eczema are more susceptible. Lastly, terpenes can interact with certain medications, influencing drug metabolism or efficacy. Consulting a healthcare professional is advisable for individuals taking prescription drugs to understand possible interactions before using terpene products.