Bifidobacterium breve is a type of beneficial bacteria, often recognized as a probiotic, that naturally resides within the human gastrointestinal tract. This species is particularly abundant in the colons of breastfed infants, where it plays a foundational role as an early colonizer, establishing a healthy microbial environment.
Mechanisms of Action in the Gut
Bifidobacterium breve demonstrates a specialized ability to break down complex carbohydrates that humans cannot digest on their own. These include various plant fibers and, significantly, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) found in breast milk. This process uses specific enzymes to break down complex sugar chains into simpler monosaccharides like glucose and galactose.
The digestion of these carbohydrates by B. breve leads to the production of beneficial byproducts, primarily short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate and lactate. These SCFAs serve as a direct energy source for the cells lining the colon, supporting their health and function. The production of these acids also helps maintain an acidic environment within the gut, which can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and contribute to overall gut balance.
Influence on Immune Function
The gut harbors a significant portion of the body’s immune system, known as the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), which constantly interacts with the diverse microbial community. Bifidobacterium breve interacts with immune cells present in the gut lining, influencing immune responses. It helps modulate the immune system, contributing to its development in infants and maintaining a balanced response in adults.
This interaction promotes the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which help regulate immune tolerance and reduce excessive inflammation. It also enhances the expression of tight junction proteins, strengthening the gut barrier and preventing the entry of undesirable substances. By influencing these pathways, B. breve contributes to a well-regulated immune response and can help alleviate inflammatory conditions.
Researched Therapeutic Potential
Scientific studies are investigating Bifidobacterium breve for its potential role in various health areas. Research suggests its involvement in alleviating atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, particularly in infants. Supplementation with B. breve has been shown to increase beneficial bifidobacteria in the gut microbiota of infants with atopic dermatitis, leading to improved allergic symptoms.
The species is also being studied for its influence on certain allergies more broadly, with observations of lower Bifidobacterium levels in allergic infants compared to non-allergic ones. Furthermore, B. breve is being explored for its potential to improve symptoms of pediatric functional constipation. Probiotics, including B. breve, are thought to influence intestinal peristalsis by producing lactic and acetic acids, which can reduce colonic pH and improve stool frequency and consistency.
Sources and Supplementation
While Bifidobacterium breve is a natural inhabitant of the human gut, particularly prevalent in breastfed infants, its presence can be supported through supplementation. B. breve is not typically a common component of most fermented foods in significant, specific quantities, making probiotic supplements the primary commercial source for direct intake.
When selecting a probiotic supplement containing B. breve, it is important to check for specific details on the product label. Look for the Colony Forming Units (CFUs), which indicate the number of viable bacteria in each dose. Ensure the label specifies the exact strain designation, as effects can be strain-specific. Proper storage instructions, such as refrigeration if required, should also be followed to maintain the viability of the live microorganisms.