The cannabis plant often displays a glistening, sugar-like coating on its surfaces. These tiny formations suggest a deeper biological purpose, hinting at specialized functions within the plant.
Unveiling the Crystals: What They Are Called
The crystal-like structures on cannabis plants are scientifically known as trichomes, from the Greek word “trichoma,” meaning “hair.” These minute outgrowths cover various parts of the plant, including leaves and stems, but are most concentrated on the flowers, giving them a frosty or sparkling appearance. Under magnification, trichomes exhibit diverse shapes, resembling tiny mushrooms.
Cannabis plants feature several types of trichomes, primarily categorized into glandular and non-glandular forms, with glandular trichomes being responsible for resin production. Among the glandular types, three are commonly identified: bulbous, capitate sessile, and capitate-stalked. Bulbous trichomes are the smallest, measuring approximately 10-20 micrometers, making them nearly invisible to the naked eye, and are distributed across the entire plant surface.
Capitate sessile trichomes are larger, ranging from 25-100 micrometers, and possess a mushroom-like cap directly attached to the plant surface without a stalk. The most prominent and largest are the capitate-stalked trichomes, which can reach 50-100 micrometers in width and up to 300 micrometers in height, featuring a distinct stalk supporting a spherical gland head. These larger, stalked structures are primarily found on the flowers and surrounding sugar leaves.
The Plant’s Chemical Powerhouses
Trichomes serve as specialized biological factories, synthesizing and storing a complex array of chemical compounds. Their glandular heads are the primary sites for producing cannabinoids and terpenes. These compounds accumulate as a sticky, resinous oil within them.
Cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), are active compounds interacting with the endocannabinoid system. THC is recognized for its psychoactive effects, while CBD is noted for its therapeutic properties without causing intoxication. Beyond these, trichomes produce over a hundred other cannabinoids, including CBG and CBN, each contributing to overall effects.
Terpenes are another significant class of compounds generated by trichomes, responsible for the diverse aromas and flavors of cannabis varieties. These aromatic molecules also possess their own biological activities and can influence cannabinoid effects through the “entourage effect,” where they work synergistically.
Biological Role and Environmental Influences
Trichomes play a significant role in the cannabis plant’s survival and adaptation. These structures function as a defense mechanism against various threats.
Their sticky, resinous nature can physically deter small insects, trapping them on the plant surface. The bitter taste and strong aromas produced by cannabinoids and terpenes within the trichomes can also discourage larger herbivores and pests from consuming the plant.
Trichomes also provide protection against environmental stressors. They act as a natural shield against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In arid conditions, trichomes can help reduce water loss by maintaining moisture near the plant’s surface.
The development and chemical output of trichomes are influenced by several environmental factors. Light intensity, particularly UV light, can stimulate trichome production and cannabinoid synthesis. Temperature plays a role, with cooler temperatures during flowering potentially enhancing trichome development. Humidity levels, with lower levels preferred during flowering, also contribute to optimal trichome growth and resin quality.