Eczema is a common inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and red patches on the skin. This chronic disorder can affect individuals of all ages, often beginning in childhood and sometimes persisting into adulthood. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms, are gaining interest for their potential health benefits beyond digestive support. Current research explores how these beneficial microbes might influence skin conditions like eczema.
Understanding the Gut-Skin Connection
The human body hosts trillions of microorganisms, forming complex communities known as microbiomes, particularly in the gut and on the skin. A growing body of scientific inquiry points to a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut microbiome and the skin, often referred to as the “gut-skin axis.” This axis suggests that the health and balance of gut bacteria can directly influence skin health.
An imbalance in the gut microbiome, known as dysbiosis, can lead to systemic inflammation throughout the body. When the gut microbiota is disrupted, it can increase intestinal permeability, sometimes called “leaky gut.” This allows substances that would normally be contained within the gut, such as bacterial products or undigested food particles, to pass into the bloodstream.
These inflammatory substances can trigger immune responses that manifest in various organs, including the skin. For eczema, this systemic inflammation can worsen skin barrier dysfunction and provoke itchy, red, and inflamed lesions. Restoring a balanced gut microbiome may help modulate these inflammatory responses and support skin health.
Key Probiotic Strains for Eczema
Research into specific probiotic strains for eczema has yielded varying results, highlighting the importance of strain specificity. Some strains show potential in reducing eczema severity or supporting its prevention, particularly in infants. Individual responses can differ, and studies continually provide new insights.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is one of the most studied probiotic strains for eczema. Early studies suggested LGG supplementation, especially when given to mothers during pregnancy and infants postnatally, could reduce eczema incidence in high-risk children. However, more recent meta-analyses present mixed findings, with some indicating LGG may not consistently reduce eczema risk or severity across all age groups or study designs.
Lactobacillus paracasei has shown promise in animal studies by modulating immune responses and altering gut microbiota composition, leading to improved eczema-like symptoms. In human trials, Lactobacillus paracasei has been included in probiotic mixtures that improved eczema symptoms, especially in children. Lactobacillus salivarius has also been observed to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium often associated with eczema flare-ups.
Bifidobacterium lactis has also been investigated, often in combination with other strains. Studies involving mixtures containing Bifidobacterium lactis along with Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus have indicated a significant reduction in eczema prevalence and incidence in high-risk infants during their first year of life when administered prenatally and postnatally.
How to Select a Probiotic Supplement
Choosing a probiotic supplement requires careful consideration. The effectiveness of probiotics is often strain-specific, so identify products containing the particular strains studied for eczema. Look for specific strain designations, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or Bifidobacterium lactis HN019, on the label.
The quantity of live microorganisms in a supplement is measured in Colony-Forming Units (CFUs). Dosages in studies for eczema prevention or management typically range from billions of CFUs. Products commonly have 1 billion to 60 billion CFUs per serving, and higher CFU counts are often associated with greater potency.
To verify a supplement’s contents and purity, consider products that have undergone third-party testing. Certifications from organizations like NSF International or USP indicate an independent body has confirmed the product contains the listed ingredients and meets quality standards.
Probiotic formulations and delivery methods also play a role in their efficacy. Capsules, powders, or chewables are common forms, and some capsules have an enteric coating designed to protect the bacteria from stomach acid, helping them reach the intestines alive. It is important to distinguish between “live and active cultures” found in many fermented foods and specific probiotic supplements; while fermented foods are beneficial, probiotics are defined by their scientifically proven health benefits from specific strains and adequate amounts.
Safety and Considerations for Use
Probiotics are generally considered safe for most healthy individuals, with a long history of use in fermented foods. When first introducing a probiotic supplement, some may experience temporary, mild digestive side effects like gas, bloating, or changes in bowel habits. These symptoms typically subside within a few days or weeks as the body adjusts.
However, certain individuals should approach probiotic use with caution. Those with compromised immune systems, severe underlying medical conditions, or recent surgery may face a small risk of adverse effects, including infections. In rare instances, skin rashes or itchiness have also been reported.
Consult a healthcare professional before beginning any new supplement regimen, especially for infants, young children, or individuals with existing health concerns. A doctor, such as a pediatrician, allergist, or dermatologist, can provide personalized guidance, assess potential interactions with medications, and help determine if a probiotic is suitable for your specific situation.