What Are the 7 Major Classes of Dogs?

The term “class of dog” refers to the organizational groups created by kennel clubs like the American Kennel Club (AKC). The AKC classifies breeds into seven groups based on the original function for which a breed was developed, not on biology. Whether a dog was bred for hunting, guarding, or companionship determines its classification. Understanding these groupings provides insight into a breed’s inherent traits, energy level, and disposition.

The Seven Major Dog Groups

Sporting Group

Sporting dogs were bred to assist hunters in locating and retrieving game. This group includes retrievers, spaniels, setters, and pointers. Retrievers are strong swimmers built for waterfowl, while setters and pointers work in fields to locate game birds. These dogs are high-energy and require regular, vigorous exercise. Examples include the Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, and Cocker Spaniel.

Hound Group

The Hound Group is composed of breeds developed for hunting. They are categorized by their primary hunting method: sight or scent. Sighthounds, such as the Greyhound and Whippet, use keen vision and speed to chase down prey. Scent hounds, like the Beagle and Bloodhound, rely on their powerful sense of smell to follow a trail. Their independent nature stems from the need to work without direct human instruction.

Working Group

Breeds in the Working Group were developed to perform jobs for people, such as guarding property, pulling sleds, and water rescues. These dogs are known for their strength, intelligence, and protective instincts. Their large size and power make them formidable guards. Due to their history of close cooperation with humans, they are highly trainable. This group includes the Siberian Husky, Rottweiler, and Boxer.

Terrier Group

The Terrier Group includes breeds originally bred to hunt and kill vermin. Their name comes from the Latin word “terra,” meaning earth, reflecting their tendency to pursue prey underground. The group is diverse, with short-legged terriers that burrow after rodents and long-legged varieties that dig them out. Terriers are known for their feisty and determined personalities. Popular breeds include the Jack Russell Terrier and Scottish Terrier.

Toy Group

The Toy Group consists of small dogs bred for companionship. While some are miniaturized versions of larger dogs, all are characterized by their affectionate nature. Their small stature makes them suitable for various living situations, including apartments. They have bold and lively personalities. The Chihuahua, Pug, and Shih Tzu are all members of this group.

Non-Sporting Group

The Non-Sporting Group is a diverse collection of breeds that do not fit into the other categories, making it a catch-all classification. The breeds vary widely in size, appearance, and original purpose. Some, like the Dalmatian, have historical jobs, while others, like the Bulldog, were developed for purposes that are now obsolete. Examples include the Poodle and French Bulldog.

Herding Group

The Herding Group includes breeds developed to gather, herd, and protect livestock. These dogs worked closely with human shepherds, a history that has endowed them with high intelligence and trainability. Their instinct is to control the movement of other animals and may try to herd people or other pets. Breeds like the Border Collie, German Shepherd, and Australian Shepherd are known for high energy.

The Path to Full Recognition

Before a dog breed can join one of the seven major groups, it must go through a formal recognition process with the kennel club. The AKC has a multi-step system for acknowledging new breeds to ensure a sustainable population and an active community of breeders. The journey begins with the Foundation Stock Service (FSS), a record-keeping service for rare breeds not yet eligible for full AKC registration. The FSS allows these breeds to establish a documented lineage and compete in certain companion events.

After a breed has demonstrated a significant following, it may be admitted to the Miscellaneous Class. This is the final stage before a breed can be granted full recognition. Breeds in this class can compete in some AKC shows but are not yet eligible for championship points.

Using Dog Classes to Choose a Pet

Understanding the seven dog classes is a practical tool for prospective owners. The original purpose of a breed provides a blueprint for its likely temperament, exercise needs, and training characteristics. Matching these inherent traits to a person’s lifestyle can lead to a more successful relationship.

For instance, individuals with active lifestyles may find a good match within the Sporting or Herding groups. These dogs require significant daily exercise and mental stimulation, making them excellent partners for activities like running and hiking. Conversely, those living in smaller spaces might consider a breed from the Toy Group, as their exercise requirements are less demanding. By researching the groups, potential owners can narrow their search to breeds whose needs align with what they can provide.