The retina, a delicate tissue layer at the back of the eye, converts light into signals the brain interprets. Within the retina, small, yellowish deposits known as drusen can sometimes form. Common with age, understanding drusen and their implications is important for eye health.
Understanding Drusen
Drusen are small deposits that accumulate underneath the retina. Composed of fatty proteins and cellular waste, these deposits are found in the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision.
There are two main types of drusen. Hard drusen are smaller, distinct, and have well-defined edges, often scattered and less concerning. Soft drusen are larger, have less distinct borders, and tend to cluster, indicating a higher risk.
Why Drusen Form
Drusen formation is linked to the function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a supportive cell layer for photoreceptors that clears their metabolic waste. With age, RPE efficiency in waste removal decreases.
This decreased efficiency causes waste to accumulate between the RPE and Bruch’s membrane, forming drusen. Factors include aging, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Research suggests tiny calcium-based mineral spheres may act as a core for these deposits.
Diagnosing Drusen and Their Importance
Drusen are detected during a comprehensive eye examination. Eye care professionals visualize them through a dilated fundus examination, using eye drops to widen pupils for ophthalmoscope examination. Advanced imaging techniques, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), provide detailed views of the retina and drusen.
Their presence is important for eye health. While a few small, hard drusen can be normal with aging and not cause vision problems, numerous or large, soft drusen indicate increased risk for Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). They are not AMD, but an early sign of higher risk for this progressive eye condition. Early detection and regular monitoring are important.
Living with Drusen and Eye Care
For most individuals diagnosed with drusen, especially small, hard drusen, good vision can be maintained. Consistent monitoring by an eye care professional tracks changes in drusen or the retina. This helps assess AMD progression risk.
There is no specific cure for drusen, but lifestyle adjustments support overall eye health and can reduce AMD progression risk. Recommendations include a diet rich in antioxidants from leafy greens and colorful fruits. Avoiding smoking is advised, as it increases drusen formation and AMD risk. Maintaining a healthy weight and protecting eyes from UV light also contribute.