Naloxone is a medication that rapidly reverses the effects of an opioid overdose. It functions as an opioid receptor antagonist, blocking opioid effects by attaching to the same brain receptors. This quickly restores normal breathing in individuals whose breathing has slowed or stopped due to an overdose. It is an important emergency intervention for opioid overdose.
Naloxone Nasal Spray
Naloxone nasal spray is a common, user-friendly administration method, accessible to the public and first responders. This non-invasive approach involves a pre-filled device that delivers a single dose of naloxone into one nostril. Common brand names include Narcan and Kloxxado.
To administer the nasal spray, lay the individual on their back with their head tilted slightly backward. Hold the device with your thumb on the plunger and fingers on either side of the nozzle. Gently insert the nozzle tip into one nostril until your fingers meet the bottom of the nose, then press the plunger firmly to release the dose.
Do not prime or test the device before use, as it contains a single dose. After administration, call emergency medical assistance immediately. If no response is observed after two to three minutes, an additional dose can be given in the other nostril.
Naloxone Injection
Naloxone can also be administered through intramuscular (IM) injection, directly into a muscle. This method is often utilized by non-medical personnel and first responders in emergency situations. Devices for IM administration include traditional syringe and vial preparations, as well as pre-filled auto-injectors like Evzio.
For a standard syringe and vial, the liquid is drawn into the syringe, and the injection is given at a 90-degree angle into a large muscle. Recommended injection sites include the outer thigh (vastus lateralis muscle) or the upper arm (deltoid muscle). Auto-injectors simplify this process, providing voice guidance and allowing for injection through clothing into the outer thigh. The onset of action for intramuscular naloxone is within two to five minutes.
Intravenous Naloxone
Intravenous (IV) administration of naloxone involves injecting the medication directly into a vein. This route is primarily used by medical professionals in controlled clinical environments, such as hospitals or ambulances. The IV method requires precise dosing and sterile technique, along with the ability to access a vein.
Intravenous naloxone has a rapid onset of action, working within one to two minutes, making it the quickest method for reversing opioid effects. Medical professionals may also use continuous IV infusions for patients who have overdosed on long-acting opioids, such as methadone, to maintain a consistent level of naloxone in the system. While less common for layperson use, IV administration remains an important method in professional healthcare settings due to its immediate impact.