Centipedes are ancient and diverse arthropods belonging to the class Chilopoda. These predatory invertebrates are recognized by their distinct elongated bodies and numerous legs. Centipedes are found across various environments globally, from tropical rainforests to deserts, and even within human dwellings. They are active hunters, playing a role in their ecosystems by preying on smaller creatures.
Distinctive Physical Traits
Centipedes possess elongated, flattened bodies that are divided into numerous segments. A defining characteristic is the presence of one pair of legs on nearly every body segment. While their name suggests “hundred feet,” the actual number of legs varies by species, ranging from 15 to 191 pairs, meaning 30 to 382 individual legs. This design allows them to move with considerable speed.
The head of a centipede is typically rounded or flattened and features a pair of long, segmented antennae that serve as sensory organs. Perhaps the most notable physical adaptation is the modified first pair of legs, known as forcipules. These pincer-like appendages are located just behind the head. Forcipules contain venom glands and are used to inject venom into prey, allowing the centipede to subdue its victims.
Where Centipedes Live and What They Eat
Centipedes inhabit a wide range of terrestrial environments, preferring dark, damp conditions to avoid dehydration. They are commonly found under rocks, logs, leaf litter, and in soil, where moisture is abundant. Some species, like the house centipede, can adapt to indoor environments such as basements or bathrooms that provide sufficient humidity.
Centipedes are primarily nocturnal predators. Their diet consists mainly of other invertebrates and small animals. They prey on insects, spiders, worms, and various other arthropods they can overpower. Larger centipede species, particularly in tropical regions, can even hunt small vertebrates like lizards, frogs, birds, and mice.
Understanding Centipede Bites
Centipedes are venomous and deliver a “bite” using their forcipules, modified front legs that pierce the skin and inject venom. Centipede bites on humans are typically localized, similar to a bee sting. Common symptoms include immediate pain, swelling, and redness at the bite site. Minor bleeding, itching, and a burning sensation may also occur.
The severity of a centipede bite can vary depending on several factors, including the size and species of the centipede, the amount of venom injected, and the individual’s sensitivity to the venom. While most centipede bites are not life-threatening to humans, larger species can inflict more intense pain. In rare cases, more severe symptoms like hardening of the skin, tissue death, or allergic reactions (such as dizziness or hives) may occur.
If bitten by a centipede, clean the affected area with soap and water. Applying a cold compress or ice pack can help reduce pain and swelling. Over-the-counter pain relievers or antihistamines may also be used to manage symptoms. Medical attention should be sought if symptoms worsen, do not resolve within 48 hours, or if signs of an allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing or rapid heart rate, develop.
Centipedes Versus Millipedes
Centipedes and millipedes are both multi-legged arthropods, but they have distinct differences in their physical appearance and behavior. A primary distinguishing feature is the number of legs per body segment. Centipedes have one pair of legs on each body segment, while millipedes have two pairs of legs per apparent body segment. This difference is due to millipede segments being fused into “diplosomites.”
Centipedes typically have flattened bodies and are known for their fast, agile movements, reflecting their predatory lifestyle. Their legs extend outwards from their bodies. In contrast, millipedes usually have more rounded or cylindrical bodies and move much slower. Their legs are positioned underneath their bodies.
Millipedes are primarily detritivores, meaning they feed on decaying organic matter like leaves and other plant material. When threatened, centipedes may bite and attempt to flee, whereas millipedes often coil into a defensive spiral and may release a foul-smelling secretion.