Hummingbirds are captivating creatures, known for their dazzling colors and acrobatic flight. Their exceptionally high metabolism necessitates continuous food intake. To sustain rapid wingbeats (up to 80 per second) and hovering flight, they require immense energy. This constant demand means hummingbirds are almost always seeking nourishment.
The Sweet Core of Their Diet: Nectar
Nectar serves as the primary energy source for hummingbirds, fueling their high metabolism and hovering capabilities. They seek nectar from natural flower sources, preferring tubular-shaped blooms. Flowers with bright colors like red, orange, and yellow are particularly attractive, including salvia, petunias, fuchsia, and honeysuckle. Floral adaptations ensure their long bill and tongue can access the sweet liquid deep within.
Beyond natural sources, hummingbirds readily consume artificial sugar water from feeders. A precise ratio of one part refined white granulated sugar to four parts water is recommended to mimic natural nectar. Dissolve the sugar completely in water, which can be achieved by heating (boiling is not strictly necessary). This solution provides the sucrose necessary for their energy demands and also acts as a source of hydration.
The Essential Protein Boost: Insects and Arthropods
While nectar provides immediate energy, insects and other small arthropods are a critical part of a hummingbird’s diet, supplying essential protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals. This protein is especially important for young and breeding adults. Female hummingbirds, who are the sole caretakers of their nests and young, often consume large numbers of these invertebrates to feed their offspring. Some researchers suggest insects and spiders can make up a significant portion, potentially up to 80%, of a hummingbird’s diet.
Hummingbirds feed on a variety of small invertebrates, including ants, aphids, beetles, gnats, mosquitoes, fruit flies, and tiny spiders. They catch prey by hawking in mid-air, snatching flying insects. They also glean insects directly from plant surfaces or remove them from spider webs. Their beaks can snap shut in less than a hundredth of a second, effectively capturing small, elusive prey.
Occasional Supplements: Tree Sap and Pollen
Hummingbirds may occasionally supplement their diet with tree sap, particularly when other nectar sources are scarce. They often access sap from holes drilled by sapsucker woodpeckers. This sap provides an alternative source of sucrose, helping to meet their energy requirements.
Pollen consumption is generally incidental, occurring when hummingbirds probe flowers for nectar. As they dip their long bills into blooms, pollen grains adhere to their feathers and bills. Some of this pollen may be ingested and, though a minor component, can offer micronutrients and a small amount of protein.
Responsible Feeding Practices for Hummingbirds
Providing supplemental food for hummingbirds requires responsible feeding practices to ensure their well-being. Feeder maintenance is paramount; feeders should be emptied and cleaned regularly to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, which can be harmful to the birds. In hot weather, cleaning may be necessary daily or every other day; in cooler temperatures, two to three times a week may suffice. Cleaning with hot tap water and a brush is effective, and a weak vinegar solution can be used for disinfection, but dish soaps should be avoided due to potential harmful residues.
Feeder placement also contributes to successful and safe feeding. Positioning feeders in a shaded area helps prevent the sugar solution from spoiling quickly, especially during warm periods. Placing feeders 10 to 15 feet from cover, such as trees or shrubs, provides hummingbirds with a sense of security and a quick escape route from potential predators. Planting native, nectar-rich flowers in the vicinity of feeders can further attract hummingbirds and provide additional natural food sources.
It is crucial to avoid feeding hummingbirds harmful substances. Only refined white granulated sugar mixed with water should be used. Honey and artificial sweeteners are not suitable; honey can foster bacterial and fungal growth, while artificial sweeteners lack nutritional value. Red dyes should never be added to the nectar solution, as they offer no benefit and may be detrimental to the birds’ health. The red components of the feeder itself are sufficient to attract hummingbirds.